chapter 3 - plant structures

Question 1

Plant tissues

Answer 1

• meristems
• apical meristems
• lateral meristems

Question 2

Meristems

Answer 2

dividing cells giving rise to various tissues
- actively dividing
- asexually giving rise to cells

Question 3

Apical meristems

Answer 3

• produce primary tissue or primary growth
• growth in length
• give rise to dermal (single layer), ground, and vascular tissue
• vascular tissue: xylem and phloem
• on apex and tips
• only growth seen in herbaceous plants

Question 4

Lateral meristems

Answer 4

• produce secondary tissue or secondary growth
• growth in width or girth
• gives rise to cork cambium and vascular cambium

Question 5

Where does cork cambium develop from and what does it develop into?

Answer 5

• grows from lateral meristems
• secondary growth
• forms the periderm
• in woody plants produces cork cells to the outside

Question 6

Vascular cambium

Answer 6

• secondary growth
• grows from lateral meristems
• forms secondary xylem and phloem
• seen in woody plants
• xylem to the inside and phloem to the outside

Question 7

Dermal tissue

Answer 7

• gives rise to the epidermis of plants
• epidermis is covered by the cuticle (above ground)

Question 8

Dermal tissue characteristics

Answer 8

• contains trichomes: hairlike extensions of epidermal cells
• contains stomates with guard cells

Question 9

What is the function of trichomes on the epidermis

Answer 9

• increase surface area in the roots to increase moisture absorption
• above ground: help w water loss and help block the breeze for moisture loss
• help keep moisture on plant surface
• help prevent excess water loss when stomates are open

Question 10

What is the function of stomates with guard cells in the epidermis

Answer 10

• gas exchange
• allows CO2 in

Question 11

Secondary growth cork cambium

Answer 11

• called periderm and includes cork cells
• forms outer cork cells that create cork ridges
• pealing is caused by old cork getting separated as the stem gets bigger

Question 12

Characteristics of cork

Answer 12

• malleable
• airtight seal

Question 13

Cork Cambium functions

Answer 13

• needed to produce more cork cells bc it provides a line of defense from animals and fires (ground or grass)
• can help prevent moisture loss

Question 14

What are annual rings

Answer 14

• new cork ring produced every year as the stem gets bigger

Question 15

Ground tissue

Answer 15

• from apical meristems
• bulk of tissue in herbaceous plants
• gives rise to parenchyma, collenchyma, and sclerenchyma

Question 16

Parenchyma

Answer 16

• type of ground tissue (apical)
• relatively thin-walled cells
• function in basic metabolism
• storage of starch

Question 17

Collenchyma

Answer 17

• unevenly thickened walls of cellulose and pectin
• non-lignified (more flexible support)
• function in providing support for herbaceous plants

Question 18

Sclerenchyma

Answer 18

• non-living at maturity
• evenly-thickened walls
• lignified (more rigid support)
• makes up seed coat
• functions in providing support for herbaceous plants

Question 19

Vascular tissue

Answer 19

• conducting tissue
• xylem (primary)
• phloem (primary)

Question 20

Conducting tissue

Answer 20

• type of vascular tissue
• bulk of tissue in woody plants
• xylem and phloem

Question 21

Xylem

Answer 21

• non-living at maturity
• becomes a hollow tube that transports water from the roots up the plant
• contains tracheids and vessel elements
• lignified
• appear white in microscopes bc they are hollow

Question 22

Tracheids

Answer 22

• longer, narrower
• more specialized for water movement
• found in all plants (gymnosperms and angiosperms)

Question 23

Vessel elements

Answer 23

• shorter, wider
• only seen in angiosperms NOT in gymnosperms

Question 24

Phloem

Answer 24

• living at maturity
• functions in movement of carbs (mainly sucrose) produced by photosynthesis
• made of sieve members and companion cells
• non-lignified

Question 25

Sieve members

Answer 25

- part of phloem - form a hollow lumen used for the passage of carbs - living but contain few organelles - have a companion cell next to it

Question 26

Companion cells

Answer 26

- part of phloem - next to sieve members - living - do metabolism for the sieve cells - 1:1 ration

Question 27

How do the conducting cells of xylem differ from sieve tube members and companion cells in phloem?

Answer 27

xylem: dead to function, transport water and minerals phloem: living to function, transport carbs/sucrose

Question 28

Stems

Answer 28

- support leaves for photosynthesis - in herbaceous plants bulk tissue of stem is ground tissue - in woody plants bulk tissue of stem is secondary vascular tissue - surrounded by epidermis

Question 29

monocot stem

Answer 29

- no pith - vascular bundles of primary xylem and phloem are scattered - rest of cells are ground tissue mainly parenchyma

Question 30

dicot stem

Answer 30

- has a pith - primary vascular bundles are arranged in a ring - rest of cells are ground tissue mainly parenchyma

Question 31

Woody Stems

Answer 31

- contain vascular cambium - contain secondary xylem and phloem - contain cork cambium - contain bark

Question 32

Vascular cambium in woody stems

Answer 32

- the inner lateral meristem - produced secondary xylem to inside, secondary phloem to outside, and vascular rays (parenchyma cells) in both directions

Question 33

Vascular rays

Answer 33

- made from vascular cambium - produced in both directions - made of parenchyma cells - needed for lateral movement - transport phloem contents to make cell walls

Question 34

Secondary xylem

Answer 34

- forms annual rings made of springwood and summerwood

Question 35

Cork cambium in woody stems

Answer 35

- the other lateral meristem - produces periderm (corky, outer layer) - feed for horses

Question 36

Bark

Answer 36

- secondary phloem, cork cambium, and periderm - anything OUTSIDE of the vascular cambium

Question 37

Dendrochronology

Answer 37

- study of tree rings - in drought rings are narrow - in wetter climate rings are longer-wider - used to study time and climate

Question 38

Roots

Answer 38

- longitudinal section: root cap, zone of division, zone of elongation, zone of maturation

Question 39

Zone of division

Answer 39

- cells divide - cells are squared shape

Question 40

Zone of elongation

Answer 40

- cells are elongated in a certain direction - direction of elongation is dependent on cellulose microfibrils

Question 41

Leaf internal anatomy

Answer 41

- mesophyll: packed with chloroplast for photosynthesis - palisade mesophyll - spongy mesophyll -

Question 42

Palisade mesophyll

Answer 42

- tightly packed with chloroplast - light dependent steps of photosynthesis occur here - tightly packed and organized - right below upper epidermis - right above spongy mesophyll

Question 43

Spongy mesophyll

Answer 43

- less packed to allow for gas exchange - light independent steps of photosynthesis occur here - right above lower epidermis - right below palisade mesophyll

Question 44

Lower epidermis

Answer 44

- where stomates are - away from sunlight to prevent evaporation of water

Question 45

Carnivorous plants

Answer 45

- typically found in bogs - bc of acidity of bog plant can't absorb mineral from soil - eat 'flesh' or insects to getting minerals and nutrients that they cannot get from the soil

Question 46

apical meristems

Answer 46

give rise to: primary growth - dermal tissue: epidermis - ground tissue: parenchyma, collenchyma, sclerenchyma - vascular tissue: primary xylem and phloem

Question 47

lateral meristems

Answer 47

give rise to: secondary growth - cork cambium: periderm - vascular cambium: secondary xylem and phloem