chapter 9

Question 1

How many divisions and groupings are in the plant kingdom?

Answer 1

-12 divisions
-4 groupings

Question 2

embryophytes

Answer 2

retain embryo in female gametangium

Question 3

what are the cell walls in plants made of?

Answer 3

cellulose

Question 4

what are chlorophyl a, b and carotenoids part of?

Answer 4

light harvesting reactions

Question 5

describe alternation of generations

Answer 5

alternation of haploid (gametophyte)and diploid (sporophyte) generations in all land plants

Question 6

produces gametes

Answer 6

gametophytes

Question 7

produces spores

Answer 7

sporophyte

Question 8

gametes undergo fertilization to produce a ________

Answer 8

zygote which becomes a sporophyte

Question 9

what do sporophytes need to undergo to produce haploid spores?

Answer 9

meiosis

Question 10

what stage is more dominant for plants to undergo?

Answer 10

sporophyte stage

Question 11

what plants make up the bryophytes?

Answer 11

mosses, liverworts, and hornworts

Question 12

what type of habitats are bryophytes found in?

Answer 12

wet environments, moist forests (as epiphytes), and in tundra

Question 13

when did bryophytes evolve?

Answer 13

around 450 mya

Question 14

major characteristics of bryophytes:

Answer 14

• nonvascular
• haploid dominance
• seedless
• spores of one type

Question 15

bryophytes: liverworts
what does wort mean

Answer 15

wort= herb
-name derived from “doctrine of signatures”

Question 16

what land plant is most closely related to green algae

Answer 16

liverworts (bryophytes category)

Question 17

bryophytes: liverworts
how do liverworts reproduce

Answer 17

-reproduce asexually by gemmae cups
-reproduce sexually via sperm (located in the antheridia) fertilizing an egg (held in the archegonium)

Question 18

bryophytes: hornworts
have a _______ which sits on gametophyte and is semi-independent

Answer 18

sporophyte

Question 19

bryophytes: mosses
how do mosses reproduce

Answer 19

-reproduce asexually: fragmentation of gametophyte
-reproduce sexually: sperm fertilizing egg in gametophyte, sporophyte develops from the archegonium. similar to liverworts

Question 20

historical background of mosses (bryophytes):

Answer 20

mosses such as sphagnum were used for insulation, absorbent material, and as wound dressing. it also had uses for fuel and soil additive

Question 21

major characteristics of seedless vascular plants:

Answer 21

• vascular
• diploid dominance
• seedless
• spores of one type

Question 22

what plants are among the seedless vascular plants

Answer 22

• ferns and fern allies
• club mosses, whisk ferns, horsetails, true ferns

Question 23

when did seedless vascular plants emerge?
what era were they most dominant in?

Answer 23

shortly after bryophytes, around 430 mya. they were the dominant plants of the late paleozoic era

Question 24

what did seedless vascular plants co evolve with?

Answer 24

mycorrhizal fungi

Question 25

seedless vascular plants: what type of environment do they need for sperm dispersal and fertilization?

Answer 25

moist/ wet environment

Question 26

what type of habitats are seedless vascular plants located in?

Answer 26

warm, moist habitats -have the highest diversity

Question 27

seedless vascular plants: club mosses

Answer 27

- currently in prostrate forms - tree like during the paleozoic era -lycopodium spores were used for flash power and for wound dressing

Question 28

seedless vascular plants: horsetails

Answer 28

- equisetum, are the only living genus - have true leaves, but the stem is the dominant photosynthetic organ - prehistoric equisetophyta grew 60 ft tall - have silica (crystals) in exterior of stem: called the scouring rush

Question 29

seedless vascular plants: whisk ferns

Answer 29

- have equal branching in stem - stem is photosynthetic

Question 30

seedless vascular plants: ferns

Answer 30

- range from tiny aquatic plants to tree ferns 20m tall - sori on back of leaf contain many sporangia - sporophyte grows on gametophyte, the sporophyte grows independently after the gametophyte withers away

Question 31

major characteristics of gymnosperms:

Answer 31

- have seeds - spores of two types - vascular - diploid dominance

Question 32

gymnosperms: - what are the types of plants in this category?

Answer 32

- conifers, cycads, ginkgo, and gnetophytes

Question 33

gymnosperms: describe the ovule

Answer 33

- ovules are naked at the time of pollination. pollin travels and contacts the ovule directly. -ovule: female gametophyte

Question 34

what era were gymnosperms dominant in?

Answer 34

mesozoic era

Question 35

gymnosperms: cycads

Answer 35

- palm like leaves - dominated mesozoic era - location: southern hemisphere - cycads can produce BMAA toxin that is consumed by bats. Guam residents eat bats, causing health concerns

Question 36

gymnosperms: ginkgo

Answer 36

- ginkgo biloba is the only living member - have distinct fan shaped leaves that have been unchanged for 150 million years - dioecious: separate make and female and female cones. - used as herbal medicine for improved memory. seeds are given at chinese weddings.

Question 37

gymnosperms: gnetophytes

Answer 37

-small but diverse group including ephedra, gnetum, and welwitschia - have male and female ovulate cones

Question 38

gymnosperms: conifers

Answer 38

- dominant trees of northern forests - source of lumber, paper pulp, rosin and turpentine - most massive tree: giant sequoia - oldest tree: bristlecone pine ( more than 4000 years old) - intolerant of shade

Question 39

gymnosperms conifers: picea vs abies

Answer 39

- picea cones point down - abies cones point up

Question 40

major characteristics of angiosperms:

Answer 40

- flowers and fruit plants - vascular - diploid dominant -seeds - spores of two types - make up the majority of land plants

Question 41

why did natural selection favor the dominance of the diploid sporophyte over the gametophyte?

Answer 41

- easier to obtain diversity with two copies of genes.