chapter 5 flowers

Question 1

tulipomania

Answer 1

• wild tulips from central Asia
• monocots from the lily family
• “breaks” in tulips caused by a virus which breaks anthocyanin production

Question 2

when did angiosperms appear in terms of evolution

Answer 2

• appeared in the fossil record during the cretaceous period, around 130 mya
• much species radiation during the cenozoic era

Question 3

cretaceous period flowers looked similar to

Answer 3

water lilys

Question 4

stamens are ______

Answer 4

males
- pollen producing

Question 5

carpels are _______

Answer 5

females
-ovaries contain the egg

Question 6

what are the four whorls flowers that make up flowers:

Answer 6

1. sepals (calyx): protect plants as it is getting ready to bloom
   -perianth: sepals + petals
2. petals (corolla): attract animals, perform insect pollination
3. stames: made of anther and filament (androecium). holds pollen, male gametophyte
4. carpels of stigma, style, and ovary (gynoecium): holds the egg

Question 7

what does the ovary become after maturity?

Answer 7

fruit/container of seed

Question 8

what does the ovule become after maturity?

Answer 8

seed

Question 9

dicot flowers

Answer 9

• composed of parts in 4’s, 5’s, or multiples

Question 10

monocot flowers

Answer 10

parts in 3’s or multiples
-ex. tiger lily

Question 11

complete vs incomplete flower

Answer 11

complete flower: all flower whorls
incomplete: missing one or more whorls

Question 12

describe a perfect flower

Answer 12

having male and female structures on ONE flower (synoecious)

Question 13

imperfect flower:

Answer 13

unisexual
-ex. corn

Question 14

monoecious

Answer 14

imperfect flowers on the same plant

Question 15

dioecious

Answer 15

imperfect flowers on different plants

Question 16

what are the three categories of perianth attachment?

Answer 16

• hypogynous: petals and sepals are arranged below the stem of gynoecium
• perigynous: ovary is at the center with petals and sepals on the rim
• epigynous: petals and sepals on the surface of gynoecium

Question 17

radial symmetry

Answer 17

multiple planes of symmetry

Question 18

bilateral symmetry

Answer 18

one plane, and a mirror image on each side

Question 19

a cluster of flowers

Answer 19

inflorescence

Question 20

what type of perianth attachment do sunflowers have?

Answer 20

• epigynous
• a sunflower is also an inflorescence

Question 21

palynology

Answer 21

study of pollen
-used in archeology, paleontology, forensics

Question 22

explain why hay fever is caused by inconspicuous flowers like ragweed instead of hay, or shower flowers?

Answer 22

ragweed is wind pollinated: they produce a lot of pollen and it spreads easily

Question 23

microspore mother cell
- genetics
- what do they lead to?

Answer 23

• diploid
• undergo meiosis and lead to microspores

Question 24

microspores
- genetics
- what do they develop into?

Answer 24

• genetics: haploid
• develop into multi-celled microgametophyte (pollen grain) which is haploid

Question 25

exine

Answer 25

chemically resistant pollen outer layer - resist decay

Question 26

megaspore mother cell - genetics - what do they lead to after meiosis:

Answer 26

- genetics: diploid - lead to four megaspores, three degenerate

Question 27

megaspore - genetics: - what do they divide into:

Answer 27

- genetics: haploid - divide to form a haploid megagametophyte (embryo sac)

Question 28

what does the megagametophyte contain?

Answer 28

egg cell

Question 29

what does the pollen land on?

Answer 29

the sigma

Question 30

what is the advantage of stamens and carpels maturing at different times?

Answer 30

ensures cross pollination - increases genetic diversity

Question 31

what are the advantages and drawbacks of extreme specialization between pollinator and flower?

Answer 31

- advantage: no competition for pollinator - drawback: if either went instinct the other would struggle to survive and reproduce.

Question 32

what happens to the sperm as the pollen tube grows?

Answer 32

- the generative nucleus (1n) produces two un-motile sperm (1n)

Question 33

discuss the fertilization process

Answer 33

one sperm fertilizes the egg creating a diploid zygote

Question 34

what happens to the second sperm produced?

Answer 34

it fuses with two polar nuclei in the embryo sac to create a triploid (3n) endosperm

Question 35

what is the function of the triploid endosperm?

Answer 35

provides energy for the embryo

Question 36

post-fertilization

Answer 36

- perianth and stamen wither - ovary expands to become fruit - ovules become the seeds - integuments of ovules become seed coat