Chapter 3: Structure and Function of Cells

Question 1

Each of the following statements is a basic principle of the cell doctrine EXCEPT which one of the following?
A) All cells have a nucleus and organelles.
B) All living things are composed of cells and cell products.
C) A single cell is the smallest unit that exhibits all of the characteristics of life.
D) All cells come from preexisting cells.

Answer 1

A) All cells have a nucleus and organelles.

Question 2

Most eukaryotic cells have a membrane-bound \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ that contains the genetic material.
A) nucleus
B) cytoplasm
C) lysosome
D) plasma membrane
E) cell wall

Answer 2

A) nucleus

Question 3

Which one of the following structures is characteristic of BOTH eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells?
A) nucleus
B) mitochondria
C) endoplasmic reticulum
D) cell membrane
E) Golgi apparatus

Answer 3

D) cell membrane

Question 4

Nearly every eukaryotic cell
A) has its genetic material concentrated in a membrane-enclosed nucleus.
B) has a cell wall composed of cellulose that serves as the outer boundary of the cell.
C) contains a hard, noncompressible fluid called the cytosol.
D) possesses flagella and cilia, unlike prokaryotes.
E) contains all of its genetic material in mitochondria.

Answer 4

A) has its genetic material concentrated in a membrane-enclosed nucleus

Question 5

In which one of the following ways do prokaryotic cells differ from eukaryotic cells?
A) Prokaryotic cells have a plasma membrane composed entirely of protein.
B) Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membranous organelles.
C) Prokaryotic cells lack DNA, RNA, and ribosomes.
D) Prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm that is bounded by a cell membrane.
E) Prokaryotic cells have cytoplasm but lack a cell membrane.

Answer 5

B) Prokaryotic cells lack a membrane-bound nucleus and other membranous organelles.

Question 6

To increase the surface area of some cells, the plasma membrane possesses
A) receptors.
B) flagella.
C) microvilli.
D) transport proteins.

Answer 6

C) microvilli

Question 7

Over the course of evolutionary time, animal body sizes have gotten larger, yet cell sizes have not. Cells have stayed proportionally the same size to remain efficient, because
A) if cells got larger, the demand for energy and raw materials would greatly decrease.
B) larger cells would become limited by the ability to move materials across the plasma membrane.
C) of limitations of the composition of the plasma membrane.
D) of the inability of the nucleus to produce sufficient DNA for larger cells.
E) the Golgi apparatus would not be able to meet the demands of cell transport of larger cells.

Answer 7

B) larger cells would become limited by the ability to move materials across the plasma membrane

Question 8

There are different types of microscopes that can be used to provide information about cells. Which type of microscope is used for the observation of living cells?
A) light microscope
B) scanning electron microscope
C) transmission electron microscope

Answer 8

A) light microscope

Question 9

Which type of microscope provides tremendous (100,000-fold) magnification and enables viewing of fine internal structural details of cells?
A) light microscope
B) scanning electron microscope
C) transmission electron microscope

Answer 9

C) transmission electron microscope

Question 10

The products of the endoplasmic reticulum are transported to the Golgi apparatus by
A) cilia.
B) vesicles.
C) endocytosis
D) gated channels.
E) free-floating ribosomes

Answer 10

B) vesicles

Question 11

Assume that you ate a salad that contained some compounds that upset your stomach but still managed to be absorbed and eventually moved into liver cells. The plant compounds are noxious and potentially toxic to the liver cells. Which organelle in the liver cells would be expected to target and detoxify the plant compounds?
A) ribosome
B) mitochondrion
C) peroxisome
D) centriole
E) nucleolus

Answer 11

C) centriole

Question 12

Muscle cells require more energy than most other cells in order to function. Therefore, muscle cells would be expected to have more \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ and \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ than most other animal cells.
A) glycogen; mitochondria
B) peroxisomes; fat
C) mitochondria; starch
D) ribosomes; glycogen
E) glucose; nuclei

Answer 12

A) glycogen; mitochondria

Question 13

In the cell, proteins that are synthesized for immediate use by the cell are normally produced
A) in the plasma membrane.
B) in the nucleus.
C) in the Golgi apparatus.
D) on smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
E) on free-floating ribosomes

Answer 13

E) on free-floating ribosomes

Question 14

Which one of the following organelles is involved in the production of proteins that are exported from the cell?
A) rough endoplasmic reticulum
B) lysosome
C) mitochondrion
D) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
E) centriole

Answer 14

A) rough endoplasmic reticulum

Question 15

Which organelle is responsible for removal of other damaged organelles and cellular debris?
A) ribosomes
B) smooth endoplasmic reticulum
C) lysosomes
D) centrioles
E) mitochondria

Answer 15

C) lysosomes

Question 16

Muscle cells store energy in the form of \_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_ until it is used for the production of ATP.
A) glucose
B) starch
C) glycogen
D) glycerol
E) sucrose

Answer 16

C) glycogen

Question 17

Some of the enzymes stored in peroxisomes are used to break down
A) a cell when it becomes damaged.
B) bacteria and viruses.
C) faulty proteins produced by the cell.
D) the plasma membrane.
E) hydrogen peroxide.

Answer 17

E) hydrogen peroxide

Question 18

Which one of the following structures is part of the internal cytoskeleton that supports a cell?
A) rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum
B) flagella and cilia
C) microtubules and microfilaments
D) lysosomes and peroxisomes
E) ribosomes and rough endoplasmic reticulum

Answer 18

C) microtubules and microfilaments

Question 19

During cell division, it is essential that the genetic material be distributed equally to the two daughter cells. This is accomplished through the participation of which one of the following organelles?
A) centrioles
B) ribosomes
C) peroxisomes
D) Golgi apparatus
E) nucleolus

Answer 19

A) centrioles

Question 20

Which one of the following statements CORRECTLY describes the architecture of a plasma membrane?
A) Proteins line the internal, cytoplasmic surface, and phospholipids cover the external surface.
B) Proteins, phospholipids, and cholesterol are joined by strong covalent bonds that give the membrane strength.
C) Phospholipids line the internal cytoplasmic surface, and proteins cover the external surface, sandwiching cholesterol in the middle.
D) Proteins and cholesterol are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, forming a fluid mosaic.

Answer 20

D) Proteins and cholesterol are embedded in the phospholipid bilayer, forming a fluid mosaic.

Question 21

Which plasma membrane component provides mechanical strength and maintains the correct amount for rigidity and flexibility?
A) cholesterol
B) phospholipids
C) protein
D) triglycerides
E) carbohydrates

Answer 21

A) cholesterol

Question 22

A researcher is studying a newly discovered toxin. The effect of this toxin is to block the action of the sodium-potassium pump. What prediction can be made about the effect of this toxin on cell volume?
A) The cell volume will increase as water flows into the cell by osmosis.
B) The cell volume will decrease as no potassium will be pumped into the cell.
C) The cell volume will decrease as no sodium is pumped out of the cell.
D) The cell volume will remain the same since the transport of water is not directly affected by this toxin.

Answer 22

A) The cell volume will increase as water flows into the cell by osmosis.

Question 23

Bulk movement of water across plasma membranes and the exchange of oxygen from blood into cells are similar in that the method of transport is by
A) facilitated transport.
B) endocytosis.
C) diffusion.
D) active transport.
E) sodium-potassium pumps.

Answer 23

C) diffusion.

Question 24

A student is designing an experiment to show the effects of the movement of water across a selectively permeable membrane. He places a highly concentrated saltwater solution into a bag that is permeable only to water. He then submerges the bag into a beaker of pure water. Which one of the following can be expected?
A) The net flow of water will be from the bag to the surrounding water.
B) The pH of the contents of the bag will increase over time.
C) The volume of the bag will decrease over time.
D) The net flow of water will be from the beaker into the bag, causing the contents of the bag to increase in volume.
E) In this situation, the flow of water into the bag will never equal the flow of water out of the bag.

Answer 24

D) The net flow of water will be from the beaker into the bag, causing the contents of the bag to increase in volume.

Question 25

Oxygen and carbon dioxide are able to pass through the plasma membrane of a cell because A) they are both polar molecules. B) both are lipid soluble. C) they move through ion pores. D) each binds to a transport protein that "pulls" it across the membrane. E) they are small and nonpolar and readily pass between phospholipids

Answer 25

E) they are small and nonpolar and readily pass between phospholipids

Question 26

``` Gated channels are especially important in regulating the transport of ________ across a plasma membrane. A) glucose B) water C) ions D) small uncharged molecules E) nucleic acids ```

Answer 26

C) ions

Question 27

Which one of the following best explains how water moves freely across a plasma membrane? A) Water moves directly through the phospholipid bilayer because of the charges on phospholipids. B) Water is brought into the cell by facilitated diffusion but released by exocytosis. C) It is actively transported across the membrane. D) Water moves through protein-lined channels in the plasma membrane. E) The passage of water across a plasma membrane requires facilitated transport.

Answer 27

D) Water moves through protein-lined channels in the plasma membrane.

Question 28

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding active transport? A) Active transport requires the input of energy. B) Molecules are moved across a plasma membrane from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration. C) Active transport relies on the process of diffusion. D) Molecules to be transported attach to phospholipids in the plasma membrane; as the phospholipids change shape, the molecules are moved across the membrane. E) This mechanism allows a cell to equalize the concentration of molecules on either side of the plasma membrane.

Answer 28

A) Active transport requires the input of energy.

Question 29

Active transport is like facilitated diffusion in that both processes A) move molecules down their concentration gradient. B) require the presence of proteins in the plasma membrane that move molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other. C) require the conversion of ADP to ATP. D) do not require a source of energy. E) facilitate the movement of water through the phospholipids of the plasma membrane.

Answer 29

B) require the presence of proteins in the plasma membrane that move molecules from one side of the plasma membrane to the other

Question 30

To move solutes like amino acids into a cell by active transport, the cell A) must possess appropriate transport proteins in the plasma membrane. B) must have a net gain in energy resulting from active transport. C) maintains a lower concentration of the amino acids in the cytoplasm. D) must move water out of the cytoplasm at the same time.

Answer 30

A) must possess appropriate transport proteins in the plasma membrane.

Question 31

``` Peptides and small proteins are generally too large to be transported into cells using transport proteins or by moving through pores. The macromolecules are brought into the cell using A) diffusion. B) exocytosis. C) gated channels. D) endocytosis. E) open channels. ```

Answer 31

D) endocytosis.

Question 32

``` The accompanying figure shows a portion of the cell membrane. Which one of the following processes does it depict? A) diffusion B) endocytosis C) facilitated diffusion D) gated channels E) exocytosis ```

Answer 32

B) endocytosis

Question 33

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding the sodium-potassium pump? A) Cholesterol molecules within the plasma membrane pump sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell. B) In order to reduce cell volume, the cell decreases the activity of the sodium-potassium pump. C) Because the sodium-potassium pump works on the principle of diffusion, it does not require energy. D) Increased activity of the sodium-potassium pump causes an increase in cell volume. E) In order to maintain a certain cell volume, the sodium-potassium pump exchanges three sodium ions for two potassium ions.

Answer 33

E) In order to maintain a certain cell volume, the sodium-potassium pump exchanges three sodium ions for two potassium ions

Question 34

If human white blood cells were extracted from the circulatory system and then placed into an isotonic solution, which one of the following is most likely to occur? A) Water will rush into the cells, and the cells will swell and eventually burst. B) Because there is more water outside the cell than inside the cell, an equal amount of water will enter the cell and leave the cell. C) There will be no change in the cells because the isotonic environment is in equilibrium with the cells. D) Because a hypertonic environment is highly acidic, these cells will become acidic as well. E) Water will diffuse out of the cells, and they will decrease in cell volume.

Answer 34

C) There will be no change in the cells because the isotonic environment is in equilibrium with the cells.

Question 35

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding metabolism? A) Metabolism involves about 200 different chemical reactions occurring in a living organism. B) An anabolic reaction is one in which a large molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. C) Linear metabolic pathways occur when the product of one reaction is used as the substrate of the previous reaction. D) Catabolic pathways result in the release of energy. E) Anabolic reactions generate molecules with decreased energy content.

Answer 35

D) Catabolic pathways result in the release of energy.

Question 36

``` Chemical reactions that result in the synthesis or assembly of large molecules are referred to as A) catabolic. B) glycolysis. C) anabolic. D) anaerobic. E) aerobic. ```

Answer 36

C) anabolic

Question 37

Which one of the following is TRUE regarding cellular respiration? A) begins with the electron transport system B) requires the presence of oxygen C) results in the complete breakdown of ATP D) produces carbon dioxide and oxygen E) results in the synthesis of large sugar molecules

Answer 37

B) requires the presence of oxygen

Question 38

Cellular respiration is essential to eukaryotic cells because A) it is a process of anabolic reactions necessary for DNA synthesis. B) it breaks down ATP molecules into ADP and a phosphate. C) the process releases energy from organic substrates. D) it releases energy from anabolic reactions, which then can be used to drive catabolic reactions. E) the process stimulates the catabolism of potentially toxic molecules absorbed during digestion.

Answer 38

C) the process releases energy from organic substrates.

Question 39

Glucose is the most commonly used energy source by human cells because A) this is the largest macromolecule available to cells for energy production. B) this monosaccharide yields the most energy of all macromolecules. C) fats and proteins yield too much energy for the cells to process. D) glucose is generally the most readily available substrate, derived from food or glycogen. E) no other macromolecule can be broken down enzymatically by cells to release energy.

Answer 39

D) glucose is generally the most readily available substrate, derived from food or glycogen.

Question 40

Which one of the following stages in the catabolism of glucose involves the splitting of glucose into two three-carbon molecules? A) conversion of pyruvate to acetyl CoA B) movement of NADH to the electron transport system C) glycolysis D) movement of electrons through the electron transport system E) the citric acid cycle

Answer 40

C) glycolysis

Question 41

``` Where in a typical human cell does glycolysis occur? A) mitochondrion B) Golgi apparatus C) cytoplasm D) nucleus E) rough endoplasmic reticulum ```

Answer 41

C) cytoplasm

Question 42

``` The molecule acetyl CoA is completely broken down into carbon dioxide, hydrogen ions, and electrons in which one of the following processes? A) glycolysis B) action of the sodium-potassium pump C) the electron transport system D) exocytosis E) the citric acid cycle ```

Answer 42

E) the citric acid cycle

Question 43

``` At the end of the electron transport system, oxygen combines with electrons and hydrogen ions to form ________, a waste product. A) urea B) FAD C) water D) NAD+ E) glucose ```

Answer 43

C) water

Question 44

``` In the electron transport system, the energy used to synthesize ATP comes from the diffusion of ________ from the outer compartment of the mitochondria to the inner compartment. A) electrons B) NADH C) hydrogen ions D) FADH2 E) pyruvate ```

Answer 44

C) hydrogen ions

Question 45

``` Cellular respiration is a multipathway process that converts an organic substrate into cellular energy. The majority of energy in the form of ATP is not synthesized until electrons are transferred by ________ and ________ to the electron transport pathway. A) coenzyme A; FADH2 B) glucose; NADH C) CoA; NADH D) FADH2; NADH ```

Answer 45

D) FADH2; NADH

Question 46

``` Immediately after a meal, which one of the following is first used by cells as an energy source? A) fat B) glycogen C) lactic acid D) amino acids E) glucose ```

Answer 46

E) glucose

Question 47

``` When a runner or other long-distance athlete hits the "wall," the individual is experiencing oxygen debt in muscle cells. In those cells, the pyruvate generated in glycolysis would be expected to be converted to A) fat. B) lactic acid. C) glucose. D) carbon dioxide. E) water. ```

Answer 47

B) lactic acid

Question 48

``` The burning sensation associated with muscle fatigue is due to the accumulation of A) lactic acid. B) pyruvate. C) carbon dioxide. D) NADH. E) protein. ```

Answer 48

A) lactic acid

Question 49

Which one of the following steps in the breakdown of glucose can occur without oxygen? A) glycolysis B) the preparatory step C) the citric acid cycle D) the electron transport system E) both the citric acid cycle and the electron transport system

Answer 49

A) glycolysis