Chapter 3 Study Guide 16-30

Question 1

1. Define agonist and
2. antagonist. (p. 93)

Answer 1

1. Agonist –
   
   1. ​a chemical that mimics the action of a neurotransmitter.
2. Antagonist
   
   1. ​a chemical that opposes the action of a neurotansmitter.

Question 2

1. Define and describe the monoamines.
2. Explain how they are related to behaviour. (pp. 93-94)

Answer 2

1. Define and describe the monoamines.
   
   1. Monoamines -
      
      1. Serotonin –
         
         1. Regulates sleep and wakefulness
         2. lowered levels play a crucial role in depressive disorders.
         3. Modulates dominant behavior in animals
         4. Antidpressents opperate on the serotinin system.
      2. Norepranepherine –
         
         1. lowered level of norepranepherine contribute to depression
         2. Stimulents create a storm of increased activity at dopamine and norepranepherine receptor sites.
      3. Dopmine –
         
         1. Voluntary Movements
         2. Dopamine Hypothesis: overactivity in dopamine circuits constitutes the neurochemical basis for schizophrenia
         3. Stimulents create a storm of increased activity at dopamine and norepranepherine receptor sites.
         4. Chief factor in drug addictions

Question 3

1. Define GABA,
2. glycine, and
3. glutamate.

Answer 3

1. GABA –
   
   1. produce only inhibitory PSPs
   2. Present at 40% of all synapses
   3. responsible for muc hof the inhibition in the central nervous system.
   4. regulates anxiety in humans4
2. Glycine –
   
   1. produce only inhibitory PSPs.
3. Glutamate –
   
   1. produce only excitory effects.
   2. contributes to learning and memory.
   3. contribute to certain features of schizophrenia that are not easily explained by the dopamine hypthesis.

Question 4

1. What is morphine?
2. How does it influence the nervous system?
3. What are endorphins, and how are they related to morphine? (p. 94)

Answer 4

1. Morphine –
   
   1. Pain-killing drug derived from the opium plant.
   2. exerts it’s effects by binding to specialized receptors in the brain
2. Endorphines –
   
   1. Internally produced chemicals that resemble the effects of opiates in structure and effects.
   2. Contributes to the modulation of pain
   3. edogenous opiods contribute to the modulation of eating behavior and stress.
      4.

Question 5

1. Describe the organization of the nervous system. Define and describe the central (CNS) and peripheral nervous systems. (p. 95)

Answer 5

1. Organization of the nervous system –
   
   1. ​CNS
      
      1. Brain
         
         1. Forebrain
            
            1. Cerebrum
               
               1. Cerebral Cortex
               2. Cerebral Hemispheres
                  
                  1. Frontal Lobe
                  2. Temporal Lobe
                  3. Parietal Lobe
                  4. Occipital Lobe
               3. Corpus Callosum
            2. Thalamus
            3. Hypothamamus
            4. Amygdala
            5. Hypocampus
            6. Limbic System
               
               1. Parts of
                  
                  1. Thalamus
                  2. Hypothalamus
                  3. Hypocampus
                  4. Amygdala & others
            7. Endocrine System
               
               1. Hypothalamus
               2. Pituitary Gland
         2. Hindbrain
            
            1. Medulla
            2. Cerebellum
            3. Pons
            4. Reticular Formation
         3. Midbrain
            
            1. Reticular Formation
      2. Spinal Cord
   2. PNS
      
      1. ​Somatic Nervous system
         
         1. Afferent Nerve Fibers
         2. Effferent Nerve Fibers
      2. Autonomic Nervous System
         
         1. Smpathetic Division
         2. Parasympathetic Division
   3. Meninges
   4. CSF
   5. Nerves
      
      1. Nerve cells
         
         1. Glial Cells
         2. Neurons
            
            1. Soma
            2. Dendrite
            3. Axon
               
               1. Ions
                  
                  1. Negetive
                     
                     1. Chloride
                  2. Positive
                     
                     1. Sodium
                     2. Potassium
            4. Terminal buttons
            5. synapse
               
               1. synaptic cleft
               2. receptor sites
               3. synaptic vesicles
               4. Neurotransmitters
                  
                  1. Acetylcholine
                  2. Amino Acids
                     
                     1. GABA
                     2. Glycine
                     3. Glutimate
                  3. Monoamines
                     
                     1. Dopamine
                     2. Norepranepherine
                     3. Serotonin
                  4. Endorphines
                  5. Agonists
                  6. Antagonists

Question 6

1. specify and describe the two parts of the peripheral nervous system. (pp. 95-97)

Answer 6

1. Two Parts of the Peripheral Nervous System
   
   1. Somatic Nervous System – Governs muscular movement and sensory reception
      
      1. Afferent Nerve Fibers – Takes information to the central nervous system
      2. Efferent Nerve FIbers – Takes information to the peripheral nervous system.
   2. Autonomic Nervous System – Division of the Peripheral nervous system that consists of the heart, blood vessels, smooth muscles and glands.
      
      1. Sympathetic Division – Converned with mobilizing the bodies resources.
      2. Parasympathetic Division – Concerned with conserving the bodies resources.

Question 7

What is the fight-or-flight response? Which nervous system is involved in this response? (pp. 96-97)

Answer 7

Fight or Flight Response – Instinctual response to deal with immediate danger.

Nervous Sytem Involved – Central Nervous system

Hypothalamus

Question 8

Describe and differentiate among the new brain-imaging methods (TMS, CT, PET, MRI, and fMRI scans). (pp. 101-105)

Answer 8

1. TMS – allows scientists to temporarilly enhance or dampen the activity in the brain. uses magnet. max depth 2cm
2. CT –
   
   1. least expensive
   2. Combines horitonzal brain slice images with spinning xray
   3. Can only portray brain structure
3. PET –
   
   1. Monitors brain function and activity
   2. Introduced radioactive tagged chemicals show areas of brain acitivity on xrays
   3. Can show hhow behavior and brain are related
4. MRI –
   
   1. Better Images than CT or PET scans
   2. uses magnetic fields, radio waves, and computer enhancement to take highresolution, 3D images of the brain.
5. fMRI –
   
   1. Same as regular MRI but can also monitor function and activity.

Question 9

1. Describe the procedure and results in the study entitled “Searching for the Self in the Brain.” (p. 103)

Answer 9

Searching for the Self in the Brain

1. Procedure –
   
   1. 4 Males and 4 Females
   2. experiment where different methods of encoding are tested to find degree of relationship between encoding and memory.
   3. Brain activity measured with PET scan