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Biology 3 > Chapter 3 - The Cell > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - The Cell Flashcards

1
Q

how big is a micrometer?

A

um (symbol), a unit of length equal to one millionth of a meter, or about the tenth the size of a droplet of fog/mist, or the size of an average mitochondrion (used to be referred to as a micron)

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2
Q

light microscopes

A

can see things the human eye cannot see, including most bacteria.

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3
Q

electron microscopes

A

can see a wide variety of the structures light microscopes can see, incl. viruses, ribosomes, all bacteria, proteins, lipids, and small molecules.

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4
Q

what is the least amount of cells an organism can have?

A

1

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5
Q

____ are the fundamental units of life.

A

cells

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6
Q

ALL cells on earth can be categorized into these two groups:

A

Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic

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7
Q

characteristics of prokaryotic cells

A

comprise single celled organisms, bacteria, and are very simple. cells may contain plasmids, pili, a capsule, and nucleoid.

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8
Q

characteristics of eukaryotic cells

A

larger, more complex cells, comprise single-celled or multicellular organisms, make up animals, fungi, plants, and protists

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9
Q

What are the two categories of prokaryotes?

A

Archaea and Bacteria

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10
Q

About how long have prokaryotes been around?

A

prokaryotic fossils date back 3.5 billion years

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11
Q

nucleoid

A

coiled DNA found in prokaryotic cells only unbound by any membrane

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12
Q

pili

A

short projections on the outside of prokaryotic cells, can attach to other prokaryotes

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13
Q

capsule

A

a sticky outer coat on prokaryotic cell walls, provides protection and helps the cell stick to surfaces

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14
Q

plasmids

A

small rings of DNA found in prokaryotes that duplicate independently and can be exchanged among cells

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15
Q

what structures do eukaryotic cells and prokaryotic cells have in common?

A

cytoplasm, cell wall, ribosomes, flagellum, plasma membrane

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16
Q

about how long ago did eukaryotic cells evolve from prokaryotic cells?

A

3 billion years ago

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17
Q

organelles are…

A

membrane-enclosed structures that perform specific functions

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18
Q

true or false: Prokaryotes contain organelles

A

False

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19
Q

what cell structures are unique to animal cells?

A

lysosomes

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20
Q

what are lysosomes?

A

membrane-enclosed bubbles of digestive enzymes (a type of vesicle) that break down and recycle foreign or worn-out cellular substances

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21
Q

what structures are unique to plant cells?

A

central vacuole, cell wall, chloroplasts

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22
Q

ribosomes

A

are free-floating or attached to the rough ER. They make protein that is necessary for usage in the cell.

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23
Q

mitochondria

A

where the cell harvests energy from food molecules and converts it into ATP

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24
Q

nucleus

A

location of much of a cell’s DNA

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25
Q

nuclear envelope

A

double layer of membrane that regulates transport of substances between the nucleus and cytoplasm

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26
Q

vesicle

A

membrane-enclosed sac that stores or transports materials in the cytoplasm

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27
Q

plasma membrane

A

outer boundary of the cell; regulates movement of substances going in an out of the cell

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28
Q

cytoskeleton

A

a network of fibers that provides support and aids movement

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29
Q

passive transport requires energy. (T or F)

A

False

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30
Q

active transport requires energy. (T or F)

A

True

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31
Q

passive transport involves the movement of substances along a concentration gradient from ___ to ___.

A

high to low.

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32
Q

active transport involves the movement of substances against a concentration gradient from ___ to ___.

A

low to high.

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33
Q

active transport moves AGAINST a concentration gradient. (T or F)

A

True

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34
Q

passive transport moves ALONG a concentration gradient. (T or F)

A

True

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35
Q

what is the word for the movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to lower concentration?

A

Diffusion

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36
Q

osmosis

A

the diffusion of water

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37
Q

how does water diffuse?

A

from areas of high water concentration to low.

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38
Q

what are three types of passive transport?

A

diffusion, osmosis, and facilitated diffusion.

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39
Q

what is the process that helps larger molecules move through transport proteins?

A

facilitated diffusion

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40
Q

facilitated diffusion involves the transport of molecules from areas of lower concentration to high. (T or F)

A

False. Facilitated diffusion involves the transport of molecules from areas of high concentration to low.

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41
Q

how is active transport usually driven?

A

by a protein called a pump that sits within the membrane and quite a bit of energy

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42
Q

what are three methods of active transport?

A

exocytosis, protein pumps, and endocytosis.

43
Q

exocytosis

A

export of large substances from the cell through fusion of vesicle membranes with the cell membrane.

(from: Greek “exo-“ meaning “outside”, Greek “kyto-“ meaning “receptacle, container, or body”, and “sis” (a Greek word used to form abstract nouns of action, process, state, condition, etc.)

44
Q

endocytosis

A

the taking in of matter (usually large substances) by a living cell by the bending in of its membrane to form a vacuole.

45
Q

what is the most prominent membrane-enclosed organelle?

A

the nucleus.

46
Q

every eukaryotic cell contains a ____.

A

nucleus

47
Q

Functions of the nucleus

A

1) stores most of the cell’s DNA in chromosomes 2) directs the activities of the cell

48
Q

functions of the nuclear envelope

A

contains pores that allow only certain molecules to pass through.

49
Q

structures of the nucleus

A

nuclear envelope (with a double membrane), nuclear pore, nucleolus, chromosomes

50
Q

chromatin

A

fibers made of DNA molecules wrapped around proteins.

51
Q

what are chromosomes made of?

A

each one is made out of a very long chromatin fiber twisted and folded a lot.

52
Q

functions of DNA

A

DNA directs the processes of the cell by containing the instructions (RNA) used for protein production.

53
Q

function of the nucleolus

A

the darker area within the nucleus, it produces ribosomes.

54
Q

Name the organelles involved in the manufacture of proteins.

A

Endoplasmic Reticulum, ribosomes (floating or attached), & the golgi apparatus

55
Q

what does RNA stand for?

A

ribonucleic acid

56
Q

after transcription, RNA travels from the ____ to a ________.

A

nucleus, ribosome

57
Q

The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is made of lots of ______.

A

membranes

58
Q

function of the smooth ER

A

produces lipids

59
Q

function of the rough ER

A

CONTAINS ribosomes that PRODUCE proteins.

60
Q

describe the location of the ER within the cell.

A

The ER is attached to the nuclear envelope, so it can pick up ribosomes easily and also act as a pipeline for ribosomes to enter the cytoplasm.

61
Q

functions of the Golgi apparatus

A

the Golgi apparatus finishes, sorts, and ships cell products (including proteins) in vesicles. (the repackaging center)

62
Q

functions of lysosomes

A

dissolve food molecules, old cellular components or organelles, or invasive organisms such as bacteria.

63
Q

cell parts never wear out. (T or F)

A

FALSE

64
Q

Name the organelles that provide energy for the cell.

A

chloroplasts and mitochondria

65
Q

mitochondria are found in both plant and animal cells. (T or F)

A

True

66
Q

what happens during photosynthesis?

A

the energy from sunlight is used to create molecules of sugar.

67
Q

what do chloroplasts need to carry out photosynthesis?

A

water and carbon dioxide.

68
Q

what are the products of photosynthesis?

A

sugar and oxygen.

69
Q

What are the structures within the chloroplast?

A

an inner membrane and an outer membrane, stroma, thylakoids and stacks of thylakoids called grana (singular: granum)

70
Q

thylakoid

A

flattened sacs inside a chloroplast, on whose pigmented membranes light reactions of photosynthesis occurs.

71
Q

stroma

A

fluid within the inner membrane of the chlorplast

72
Q

chloroplasts are to photosynthesis what mitochondria are to __________________.

A

cellular respiration

73
Q

describe the process of cellular respiration

A

oxygen is used to harvest energy from molecules of sugar and produce cellular energy (ATP)

74
Q

what is required for the mitochondrion to carry out cellular respiration?

A

sugar and oxygen

75
Q

what are the products of cellular respiration?

A

carbon dioxide, water, and ATP

76
Q

what are the structures of the mitochondrion?

A

internal fluid, outer membrane and inner membrane

77
Q

what is the function of the mitochondrion’s inner membrane?

A

the inner membrane is highly folded and contains many of the enzymes needed for cellular respiration

78
Q

what are vacuoles and what are some of their functions in the cell?

A

vacuoles are intracellular sacs that are used for storage (food, nutrients, pigments) and for pumping water out of a cell

79
Q

what is the function of flagella?

A

they propel the cell with their whip-like movement. (think: sperm cells)

80
Q

function of cilia

A

move in a coordinated back-and-forth motion.

Cilia on trachea cells help clear the airway.

81
Q

what types of cells have a cell wall?

A

plant, fungus, and some prokaryotic cells.

82
Q

what are cell walls made of?

A

cellulose fibers

83
Q

cell walls are to plant cells what ________ are to animal cells.

A

cytoskeletons. Both maintain cell shape.

84
Q

what are the functions of the cytoskeleton?

A

a network of protein fibers that provides mechanical support, anchorage, and reinforcement

85
Q

each human body has how many chromosomes in the nucleus?

A

46

86
Q

where does ribosomal RNA come from? What happens to it?

A

It is made in the nucleolus and exits through nuclear pores. It joins together with proteins to form ribosomes.

87
Q

give an example of a situation that requires exocytosis

A

the exportation of tears in your tear glands

88
Q

what is the most important function of membranes?

A

To regulate the flow of materials

89
Q

What structure helps the cell maintain a relatively constant internal environment?

A

the plasma membrane

90
Q

the liquid outside the cell is the __________ ________?

A

extracellular fluid

91
Q

name the structures of the plasma membrane

A

phospholipid bilayer, carbohydrates, membrane proteins, extracellular fluid, cytoplasm

92
Q

what is the purpose of carbohydrates on the plasma membrane?

A

carbohydrate chains extending from the plasma membrane serve as markers that other cells can recognize.

93
Q

what are the various functions of membrane proteins?

A

regulation of passage of materials, aid in communication with neighboring cells, facilitation of enzymatic reactions, help anchoring the cell

94
Q

the interior of the phospholipid bilayer is hydro_____ while the outside of the bilayer is hydro_____.

A

hydrophobic, hydrophilic

95
Q

which parts of the bilayer are hydrophobic and hydrophilic, respectively?

A

phosphate heads are hydrophilic, fatty acid tails are hydrophobic. this allows them to spontaneously organize themselves.

96
Q

why is the plasma membrane called a fluid mosaic?

A

molecules can move freely past each other allowing the membrane to flex and undulate, and because of the diversity of proteins amongst the phospholipids.

97
Q

what makes up the cytoplasm?

A

watery liquid called cytosol, various organelles, and dissolved molecules

98
Q

cholesterol function

A

a vital component of membranes that surround every cell in your body

99
Q

extracellular matrix

A

a sticky substance produced by animal cells that helps hold them together

100
Q

what are the reactants of photosynthesis?

A

water and C02

101
Q

what are the products of photosynthesis?

A

oxygen and sugar

102
Q

what are the reactants of cellular respiration?

A

oxygen and sugar

103
Q

what are the products of cellular respiration?

A

water, C02, ATP

Biology 3 (11 decks)

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