Chapter 3: The New Genetics

Question 1

Gamete

Answer 1

Reproductive cell. Sperm or ovum that can produce a new individual comparing both to make a ZYGOTE.

Question 2

Zygote

Answer 2

Single cell formed with two gametes, of the sperm and ovum.

Question 3

Deoxyribonucleic Acid (DNA)

Answer 3

Molecules containing the genes, which allows for production of proteins.

Question 4

Chromosome

Answer 4

23 in each human body and contain all of the genes on them.

Question 5

Gene

Answer 5

Small section of a chromosome. Transmission units of heredity, also allowing proteins to form in the body.

Question 6

Allele

Answer 6

A variation of a particular GENE to distinguish their differences.

Question 7

Epigenetics

Answer 7

Study of how genes change and form.

Question 8

Genome

Answer 8

What species it is going to be, or that it will be a child.

Question 9

Genotype

Answer 9

Child’s entire genetic inheritance.

Question 10

Homozygous

Answer 10

Two genes in one pair. They are the same in every way. Most, are homozygous.

Question 11

Heterozygous

Answer 11

Two genes in one pair. They are different in some ways.

Question 12

23rd Pair

Answer 12

Chromosome pair determining sex in humans. The other 22 are autosomes inherited equally.

Question 13

XY

Answer 13

23rd PAIR consisting of an X-shaped chromosome from the mother, and a Y-shaped chromosome from the father. XY zygotes become males.

Question 14

XX

Answer 14

23rd PAIR consisting of two X-shaped chromosomes, from mother and father. XX zygotes become females.

Question 15

Stem Cells

Answer 15

Cells resulting from early duplication. These are able to produce other cells thus becoming a complete person.

Question 16

Monozygotic (MZ) Twins

Answer 16

Twins coming from one zygote splitting apart early in development. Triplets can also occur through this.

Question 16

Dizygotic (DZ) Twins

Answer 16

Twins formed when two separate ova are fertilized by two separate sperm at the same time.

Question 17

Assisted Reproductive Technology (ART)

Answer 17

Techniques used to help infertile couples conceive and then have pregnancy.

Question 18

In Vitro Fertilization (IVF)

Answer 18

Ova removed from ovary, put into a lab dish, then inserted into the uterus. This is an ART method.

Question 19

Intra-Cytoplasmic Sperm Injection (ICSI)

Answer 19

Sperm is put into each ovum to improve odds of fertilization.

Question 20

Phenotype

Answer 20

Characteristics of a person like appearance, personality, and intelligence.

Question 21

Polygenic

Answer 21

A trait influenced by many genes. Almost every trait is like this.

Question 22

Multifactorial

Answer 22

Trait affected by many factors genetically and environmentally. They make the genes resulting a phenotype that may differ from the genotype.

Question 23

Human Genome Project

Answer 23

Effort to map the complete human genetic code. Was finished in 2001, analysis is still going.

Question 24

Dominant-Recessive Pattern

Answer 24

Heterozygous pair of alleles interacting to make the phenotype reflect one allele more than the other.

Question 25

Carrier

Answer 25

Genotype with a gene not expressed in the phenotype.

Question 26

X-Linked

Answer 26

Gene carried on the X chromosome.

Question 27

Copy Number Variations

Answer 27

Genes with repeats or deletions of base pairs.

Question 28

Heritability

Answer 28

Statistic of what percentage of variation of traits, in a certain population, in a certain era, can be traced to genes.

Question 29

Down Syndrome

Answer 29

Where a person has 47 chromosomes instead of 46. The child usually will have unusual face features, heart abnormalities, and language difficulties.

Question 30

Fragile X Syndrome

Answer 30

Genetic disorder where part of the X chromosome is attached to the rest by a thin string of molecules. Cause is a single gene having more than 200 repetitions of one triplet.

Question 31

Genetic Counseling

Answer 31

Testing by experts enabling individuals to learn about genetic heritage like harmful conditions that might pass to their children.