Chapter 8: Early Childhood- Biosocial Development Flashcards
(41 cards)
Myelination
Myelin is a fatty coating on the axons that speeds signals between neurons.
Impulse Control
Ability to postpone of deny the immediate response to an idea or behavior.
Perseveration
Stick to one thought or action for a long time.
Injury Control/Harm Reduction
Practices to prevent dangerous activities. Accidents are not random and injuries can be less harmful if proper controls are in place.
Child Maltreatment
Intentional harm to anyone under 18 years old.
Child Abuse
Deliberate action that impairs a child’s physical, emotional, and sexual well-being.
Child Neglect
Failure to meet child’s basic physical, emotional, or educational needs.
Substantiated Maltreatment
Harm that has been reported.
Reported Maltreatment
Harm about which someone has notified authorities.
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder
Disorder happening after a shocking or frightening event, like rape or severe beating. May include flashbacks, sleeplessness, and many other after maths.
Foster Care
Children are taken from biological parents and entrusted to another family. Needs are reimbursed to parents for children.
Kinship Care
Form of foster care in which a relative of maltreated child, becomes caregiver.
Adoption
Adult or couple is granted joys of being a child’s parents.
Permanency Planning
Finding a long term living place for children that are maltreated. Goal is to avoid repeated harm to child.
Growth Patterns
- Children become slimmer as lower body lengthens.
- Well-nourished children each year grow 3 inches and gain 4 1/2 pounds.
- Center of gravity from breast bone to belly button.
Nutrition (Obesity)
- Children need much less calories than infants to reject obesity. Obesity more of a problem in U.S. than malnutrition.
- Lower-income families more vulnerable to obesity, causing heart disease and diabetes.
Nutritional Deficiencies
- Most children in developed nations consume over the limit calories, sometimes by customs (calcium).
- About 3-8% of children are allergic to a food, mainly healthy ones.
Healthy Eating
- Children will eat whatever their community presents.
- This makes life-long tastes affecting their health.
Oral Health
- Tooth decay affecting 1/3 of U.S. children by too much sugar and little fiber.
- This effects formation of teeth, jaw, and speech.
Size of Brain
Age 2: 75% of weight at adulthood is in the child already, and sprouting and pruning of dendrites has already happened.
Age 6: brain reaches 90% of adult weight.
Speed of Thought
- Faster thinking due to extensive myelination.
- Increase in myelination involves speed of thinking for age.
- Lifelong process, and a decrease in myelination in adults.
Hemispheres
2 Parts: Corpus Callosum, and Lateralization.
Corpus Callosum
Nerves connecting left and right hemispheres of brain. Allows communication between both hemispheres.
Lateralization
Certain functions in each side of the brain, one side is usually dominant. Left side controls right side, vice versa.
