Chapter 3- The Skeletal System Flashcards
(279 cards)
0
Q
Red bone marrow forms some blood cells. Yellow bone marrow stares fat. -myel/o (also means spinal cord)
A
Bone marrow
1
Q
Act as the framework for the body, protect the internal organs, and store the mineral calcium. -oss/e, oss/i, oste/o, ost/o
A
Bones
2
Q
Creates a smooth surface for motion within the joints and protects the ends of the bones. -chondr/o
A
Cartilage
3
Q
Work with the muscles to make a variety of motions possible. -arthr/o
A
Joints
4
Q
A baby’s skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, but after three months it starts turning into bone in a process called __________, which continues through adolescences.
A
Ossification
5
Q
Break down old or damaged bone
A
Osteoclasts
6
Q
Help rebuild the bone
A
Osteoblasts
7
Q
Though, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of the bone. Ex: banana covering that protects and covers the actual banana
A
Periosteum
8
Q
-um
A
Noun ending
9
Q
Also known as cortical bone, dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones
A
Compact bone
10
Q
Also known as cancellous bone, lighter and not as strong as compact bone. This type of bone is commonly found in the ends and inner portions of long bones such as the femur. Red bone marrow is located within this ____________ bone.
A
Spongy bone
11
Q
Central cavity located in the shaft of long bones where it is surrounded by compact bone. It is here that red and yellow bone marrow are stored.
A
Medullary cavity
12
Q
Pertaining to the inner section
A
Medullary
13
Q
Tissue that lines the medullary cavity
A
Endosteum
14
Q
Within
A
end-
15
Q
Located within the spongy bone, is a hemopoietic tissue that manufactures red blood cells, hemoglobin, white blood cells, and thrombocytes.
A
Red bone marrow
16
Q
Pertaining to the formation of blood cells. Also spelled hematopoietic.
A
Hemopoietic
17
Q
Blood
A
Hem/o
18
Q
Pertaining to formation
A
-poietic
19
Q
Fat storage area. It is composed of chiefly of fat cells and is located in the medullary cavity of long bones.
A
Yellow bone marrow
20
Q
Smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones.
A
Cartilage
21
Q
Covers the surfaces of bones where they come together to form joints. This cartilage makes smooth joint movement possible and protects the bones from rubbing against each other.
A
Articular cartilage
22
Q
Curved fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw.
A
Meniscus
23
Q
Shaft of a long bone
A
Diaphysis
24
Ends of long bones such as the femurs of the long legs. Covered with articular cartilage to protect it.
Epiphyses
25
End of the bone located nearest to the midline of the body
Proximal epiphysis
26
End of the bone located farthest away from the midline of the body
Distal epiphysis
27
Opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
Foramen
28
The spinal cord passes through the ___________ ____________ of the occipital bone at the base of the skull.
Foramen magnum
29
Normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
Process
30
___________ ___________ is the bony projection located on temporal bones just behind the ears
Mastoid process
31
Also known as articulations, place of union between two or more bones
Joints
32
Consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together
Fibrous joints
33
Do not allow any movement. In newborns and very young children, some fibrous joints are movable before they have solidified.
Sutures
34
Also known as soft spots, are normally present on the skull of a newborn
Fontanelles
35
Allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage. Where the ribs connect to the sternum (breast bone), these joints allow movement during breathing
Cartilaginous joints
36
Some movement to facilitate childbirth
Pubic symphysis
37
Created where two bone articulate to permit a variety of motions
Synovial joints
38
Come together
Articulate
39
Such as the hips and shoulders, allow a wide range of movement in many directions
Ball-and-socket joints
40
Knees and elbows, are synovial joints that allow movement primarily in one direction or plane
Hinge joints
41
Lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
Synovial membrane
42
Flows writhing the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
Synovial fluid
43
Bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage. Complex hinge joints, such as the knee, are made up of series of ___________ that permit movement in different directions.
Ligaments
44
A fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone
Bursa
45
Protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circular systems. Consist of 80 bones of the head and body that are organized into five parts. 1) the bones of the skull 2) the ossicles, bones of the middle ear 3) the hyoid bone, located on the throat between the chin and the thyroid 4) the rib cage 5) the vertebral column
Axial skeleton
46
Makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction. Consist of 126 bones that are organized into: 1) the upper extremities-shoulders, arms, forearms, wrists, and hands 2) the lower extremities-hips, thighs, legs, ankles, and feet
Appendicular skeleton
47
8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the fade, and 6 bones in the middle ear
Skull
48
Skull
Crani
49
Anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
Frontal bone
50
Two of the largest bones of the skull
Parietal bones
51
Forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
Occipital bone
52
Form the sides and the base of the cranium
Temporal bones
53
External opening of a canal. (Ear)
Meatus
54
Light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
Ethmoid bone
55
Bony socket that surrounds and protects each eyeball
Orbit
56
The ______ is made up of 14 bones
Face
57
Form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
Nasal bones
58
Also known as the cheek bones, articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
Zygomatic bones
59
Also known as the maxillae, form most of the of the upper jaw.
Maxillary bones
60
Thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
Inferior conchae
61
Forms the base for the nasal septum
Vomer bone
62
The cartilage wall that divides the two nasal cavities
Nasal septum
63
Also known as the jaw bone, is the only movable bone of the skull
Mandible
64
Also known as the rib cage, is the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
Thoracic cavity
65
The 12 pairs of ______, which are also known as costals, attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae
Ribs
66
Rib
Cost
67
Pertaining to
-al
68
First seven pairs of ribs are called _________, and they attach anteriorly to the sternum
True ribs
69
The next three pairs of ribs are called _____________, and they attach anteriorly to cartilage that connects them to the sternum
False ribs
70
The last two pairs of ribs are called ______________, because they are only attached posteriorly to the vertebrae but are not attached anteriorly
Floating ribs
71
Also known as the breast bone, is a flat, dagger- shaped bone located in the middle of the chest. By joining with the ribs, it forms the front of the rib cage.
Sternum
72
The bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
Manubrium
73
The bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
Body of the sternum
74
Structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
Xiphoid process
75
Also known as the shoulder girdle, supports the arms and hands
Pectoral girdle
76
A structure that encircles the body
Girdle
77
Also known as the collar bone, slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
Clavicle
78
Also known as the shoulder blade
Scapula
79
Extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
Acromion
80
Bone of the upper arm
Humerus
81
Smaller and shorter bone in the forearm. Runs up the thumb side of the forearm.
Radius
82
Larger and longer bone of the forearm. The proximal end articulates with the distal end of the humerus to form the elbow joint
Ulna
83
Also known as the funny bone, a large projection on the upper end of the ulna. This forms the point of the elbow and exposes a nerve that tingles when struck.
Olecranon process
84
Bones that form the wrist. (Wrist bones)
Carpals
85
Are the five bones that form the palms of the hand
Metacarpals
86
Are the fourteen bones of the fingers. (Digits) the bones of the toes are also known as this.
Phalanges
87
Each of the four fingers has three bones
Distal (outermost), middle, and proximal (nearest the hand) phalanges
88
The thumb has two bones
Distal and proximal phalanges
89
Also known as the vertebral column, protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body
Spinal column
90
Pertaining to the vertebrae
Vertebral
91
Anterior portion of the vertebrae is solid to provide strength
Body of the vertebrae
92
Posterior portion of a vertebra. The transverse and spinous processes extend from this area and serve as attachments for muscles and tendons.
Lamina
93
Made of cartilage, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other. They also act as shock absorbers and allow movement of the spinal column.
Intervertebral disks
94
These are the first set of 7 vertebrae, and they form the neck.
Cervical vertebrae
95
Pertaining to the neck, and these vertebrae are also known as C1 through C7.
Cervical
96
T1 through T12, are the second set of 12 vertebrae. Each of these vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine.
Thoracic vertebrae
97
Pertaining to the thoracic cavity
Thoracic
98
Known as L1 through L5, make up the third set of 5 vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the lower spine. These are the largest and strongest of the vertebrae and bear most of the body's weight.
Lumbar vertebrae
99
Relating to the part of the back and sides between the ribs and the pelvis
Lumbar
100
Slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back. At birth, this is composed of five separate bones; however in the young child, they fuse together to form a single bone.
Sacrum
101
Also known as the tailbone, forms the end of the spine and is actually made up four small vertebrae that are fused together
Coccyx
102
Protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities.
Pelvic girdle
103
Forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
Ischium
104
Also known as the hip socket, is the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
Acetabulum
105
The largest bones in the body. Also known as the thigh bones.
Femurs
106
Articulates with the acetabulum (hip socket)
Head of the femur
107
Narrow area just below the head of the femur
Femoral neck
108
Also known as the kneecaps, is the bony anterior portion of the knee
Patella
109
Describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located.
Popliteal
110
Make possible the movements of the knee. These are also known as the anterior and posterior __________ ligaments because they are shaped like a cross.
Cruciate ligaments
111
Also known as the shin bone, is the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
Tibia
112
Is the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
Fibula
113
Joints that connect the lower leg and foot and make the necessary movements possible
Ankles
114
Each ankle is made up of seven short ________ bones
Tarsal
115
Rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
Malleolus
116
Is the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
Talus
117
Also known as the heel bone, is the largest of the tarsal bones
Calcaneus
118
The five ______________ form that part of the foot to which the toes are attached
Metatarsals
119
The _____________ are the bones of the toes. The great toe has two of these. Each of the other toes has three of these. The fingers are also called this.
Phalanges (digits)
120
Holds a doctor of chiropractic (DC) degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine.
Chiropractor
121
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.
Orthopedic surgeon
122
Holds a doctor of osteopathy (DO) degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
Osteopath
123
Bone
Oste/o
124
-path
Disease
125
Holds a doctor of Podiatry (DP) or doctor of podiatrist medicine (DPM) degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
Podiatrist
126
Foot
Pod
127
Specialist
-iatrist
128
Is a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
Rheumatologist
129
Is the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
Ankylosis
130
Crooked, bent, or stiff
Ankyl
131
Abnormal condition or disease
-osis
132
Is stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
Atherosclerosis
133
Joint
Arthr/o
134
Abnormal hardening
-sclerosis
135
Is an inflammation of a bursa
Bursitis
136
Bursa
Burs
137
Inflammation
-itis
138
Abnormal softening of cartilage
Chondromalacia
139
Cartilage
Chondr/o
140
Abnormal softening
-malacia
141
Slow-growing benign tumor derived from cartilage cells
Chondroma
142
Tumor
-Oma
143
Inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
Costochondritis
144
Rib
Cost/o
145
Also known as bunion, is an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
Hallux valgus
146
Blood within a joint. (Joint injury). Can occur spontaneously in patients taking blood-thinning medications or those having a blood clotting disorder such as hemophilia
Hemarthrosis
147
Blood
Hem
148
Joint
Arthr
149
Many
Poly-
150
Occurs when a ligament that connects bones to a joint is wrenched or torn
Sprain
151
Total displacement of a bone from its joint
Dislocation
152
Partial displacement of a bone from its joints
Subluxation
153
Is an inflammatory condition of one or more joints. There are 100 more types of this
Arthritis
154
Also known as wear-and-tear arthritis, is most commonly associated with aging
Osteoarthritis
155
This degenerative disorder cam cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
Spondylitis
156
Is a type of arthritis characterized by deposits of uric acid in joints
Gouty arthritis
157
A by-product that is normally excreted by the kidneys. Gout develops when the excess _______ ________, which is present in the blood, forms crystals in the joints of the feet and legs.
Uric acid
158
Chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
Rheumatoid arthritis
159
Attacks the synovial membranes, they become inflamed and thickened so that the joints are increasingly swollen, painful, and immobile
RA
160
Form of rheumatoid arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae.
Ankylosing spondylitis
161
Progressive stiffening of a joint or joints
Ankylosing
162
Inflammation of the vertebrae
Spondylitis
163
Autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or less with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue
Juvenile rheumatoid arthritis
164
Also known as slipped or ruptured disk, is the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk that results in pressure on spinal nerve roots
Herniated disk
165
Also known as lower back pain, is the pain of the lumbar region of the spine.
Lumbago
166
Lumbar
lumb
167
Diseased condition
-ago
168
Forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebrae or sacrum below it
Spondylolisthesis
169
Vertebrae
Spondyl/o
170
Slipping
-listhesis
171
Is a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal fails to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it.
Spina bifida
172
Spilt
Bifida
173
Is an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side. (Humpback)
Kyphosis
174
Hump
Kyph
175
Is an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine. (Swayback)
Lordosis
176
Is an abnormal lateral (sideways) curvature of the spine
Scoliosis
177
Curved
Scoli
178
Malformation of the skull due to the premature closure of the cranial sutures
Craniostenosis
180
A bone disorder of unknown cause that destroys normal bone structure and replaces it with fibrous (scar like) tissue. This leads to uneven growth, brittleness, and deformity of the affected bones.
Fibrous dysplasia
181
Also known as osteodynia, means pain in a bone
Osteoalgia
182
Pain
-algia
183
Bone
Oste/o
184
Inflammation of a bone
Osteitis
185
Also known as adult rickets, is abnormal softening of bones in adults
Osteomalacia
186
Inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
Osteomyelitis
187
Bone marrow
Myel
188
Death of bone tissue due to insufficient blood supply
Osteonecrosis
189
Tissue death
-necrosis
190
Inflammation of the periosteum
Periostitis
191
Surrounding
Peri-
192
Bone
Ost
193
Is a deficiency disease occurring in children
Rickets
194
Formerly knowing as dwarfism, is a condition resulting from the failure of the bones of the limbs to grow to an appropriate length compared to the size of the head and trunk. Little people. No more than 4 feet and 10 inches
Short stature
195
Also known as club foot, describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus (ankle bones)
Talipes
196
A relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone. (Original site)
Primary bone cancer
197
Becoming progressively worse and life threatening. Example: Ewing's sarcoma
Malignant
198
Describes tumors that have metastasized (spread) to bones from other organs such as the breasts and lungs
Secondary bone cancer
199
Type of cancer that occurs in blood-making cells found in the red bone marrow
Myeloma
200
A benign bony projection covered with cartilage
Osteochondroma
201
Something that is not life-threatening and does not recur
Benign
202
A marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity that is frequently associated with aging
Osteoporosis
203
Small opening
Por
204
Thinner than average bone density
Osteopenia
205
Deficiency
-penia
206
Occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself. (Falling)
Compression fracture
207
Which is named for the Irish surgeon Abraham Colles, is also known as a fractured wrist. This fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his or her hands.
Colles' fracture
208
Usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall
Osteoporotic hip fracture
209
Also known as a broken bone, is described in terms of it's completely
Fracture
210
Also known as simple fracture or a complete fracture, is one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
Closed fracture
211
Also known as compound fracture, is one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
Open fracture
212
Is one in which the bone is splintered or crushed
Comminuted fracture
213
Also known as incomplete fracture, is one in which the bone is bent and only partially broken. This type of fracture occurs primarily in children. (Hairline fracture)
Greenstick fracture
214
Occurs at an angle across the bone
Oblique fracture
215
Occurs when a weakened bone breaks under normal strain
Pathologic fracture
216
Is a fracture in which the bone has been twisted apart. Most common in sports injuries
Spiral fracture
217
Is an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic, excessive impact.
Stress fracture
218
Occurs straight across the bone
Transverse fracture
219
Can form when a long bone is fractured and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood.
Fat embolus
220
Any foreign matter circulating in the blood that can become lodged and block the blood vessel
Embolus
221
Is the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together. Crackling sound heard in lungs affected with pneumonia and the clicking sound heard in the movements of some joints.
Crepitation
222
As the bone heels, a ________ forms a bulging deposit around the area of the break. This tissue eventually becomes bone.
Callus
223
Is also thickening of the skin caused by repeated rubbing
Callus
224
Also known as an x-ray, is the use of x-radiation to visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities
Radiography
225
The visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
Arthroscopy
226
Visual examination
-scopy
227
Is a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in complete blood count test
Bone marrow biopsy
228
Is used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints. It is not the most effective method of imaging hard tissues such as bone
Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)
229
Is used to determine losses or changes in bone density. These tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and Paget's disease
Bone density testing
230
Screening test for osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass. In this procedure, sound waves are used to take measurements of the calcaneus (heel) bone. If the results indicate risks, more definitive testing is indicated
Ultrasonic bone density testing
231
Is a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density. This test produces more accurate results than ultrasonic bone density testing
Dual x-ray absorptiometry
232
Uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling
Allogenic bone marrow transplant
233
Originating within each other
Allogenic
234
Patient receives his own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient's body is destroyed.
Autologous bone marrow transplant
235
Originating within an individual
Autologous
236
Is a mechanical appliance, such as a leg brace or a splint, that is specially designed to control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.
Orthotic
237
Is a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as a leg that has been amputated.
Prosthesis
238
Also known as a surgical ankylosis, is the surgical fusion (joining together) of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder. This procedure is performed to treat severe arthritis or damaged joint
Arthrodesis
239
Bind, tie together
-desis
240
Is the surgical loosening of an ankylosed joint
Arthrolysis
241
Loosening or setting free
-lysis
242
Breaking down or deconstruction. And may indicate either a pathologic state or a therapeutic procedure
-lysis
243
The surgical repair of damaged cartilage
Chondroplasty
244
Surgical repair
-plasty
245
Is the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint
Synovectomy
246
Synovial membrane
Synov
247
Surgical removal
-ectomy
248
Surgical repair of a damaged joint
Arthroplasty
249
Joint replacement part is a prosthesis that is commonly referred to as a ___________
Implant
250
Means that all of the parts of the knee were replaced
Total knee replacement (TKR)
251
Describes a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced
Partial knee replacement (PKR)
252
Preformed to restore a damaged hip to full function. During the surgery, a plastic lining is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth surface. The head of the femur is removed and replaced with a metal ball attached to a metal shaft that is fitted into the femur
Total hip replacement (THR)
253
An alternative to removing the head of the femur. Function is restored to the hip by placing a metal cap over the head of the femur to allow it to move smoothly over a metal lining in the acetabulum.
Hip resurfacing
254
Replacement of a worn or failed implant
Revision surgery
255
Performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk. A thin tube is inserted through the skin of the back to suction out the ruptured disk or to vaporize it with a laser.
Percutaneous diskectomy
256
Performed through the skin
Percutaneous
257
Performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures. Bone cement (glue) is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
Percutaneous vertebroplasty
258
Surgical removal of a lamina or posterior portion of a vertebrae
Laminectomy
259
Lamina
Lamin
260
Technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together (fusing) two or more vertebrae
Spinal fusion
261
Join together
Fusion
262
Surgical removal of a portion of the skull. Procedure is preformed to treat craniostenosis or to relieve increased intracranial pressure due to swelling of the brain
Craniectomy
263
Skull
Crani
264
Surgical incision or opening in the skull. This procedure is preformed to gain access to the brain to remove a tumor, to relieve intracranial pressure, or to obtain access for other surgical procedures
Craniotomy
265
Is the surgical repair of the skull
Cranioplasty
266
Is the surgical fracture of a bone to correct a deformity
Osteoclasis
267
Is the surgical repair of a bone or bones
Osteoplasty
268
Is the surgical removal of a bone
Ostectomy
269
Is the surgical suturing, or wiring together, of bones
Osteorraphy
270
Break
-clasis
271
Surgical suturing
-rrahphy
272
Is the surgical cutting of a bone
Osteotomy
273
Also known as manipulation, so the attempted realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation. The affected bone is returned to its normal anatomic alignment by manually applied force and then is usually immobilized to maintain the realigned position during healing. (Pop it back in)
Closed fracture
274
When a closed reduction is not practical, a surgical procedure known as a ________ ___________ is required to realign the bone parts
Open reduction
275
Is the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
Immobilization
276
Pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
Traction
277
Fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that am external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
External fixation
278
Also known as open reduction internal fixation, is a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the broken pieces in place. This form of fixation is not usually removed after the fracture has healed
Internal fixation
301
Abnormal narrowing
-stenosis
