Chapter 4- The Musclar System Flashcards
(235 cards)
0
Q
Generates nearly 85% of the heat that keeps the body warm
A
Muscle movement
1
Q
Hold the body erect and make movement possible
A
Body
2
Q
Move food through the digestive system
A
Muscles
3
Q
Movement such as walking, aid the flow of blood through veins as it returns to the heart
A
Muscle
4
Q
Action moves fluids through the ducts and tubes associated with other body systems
A
Muscle
5
Q
The _________ has more than 600 muscles, which make up about 40-45% of the body’s weight.
A
Body
6
Q
____________ _____________ are made up of fibers that are covered with fascia and are attached to bones by tendons
A
Skeletal muscles
7
Q
____________ __________ are the long, slender cells that make up muscles. Each muscle consists of a group of fibers that are bound together by connective tissue.
A
Muscle fibers
8
Q
Band of connective tissue that envelopes, separates, or binds together muscles or groups of muscles.
A
Fascia
9
Q
Flexible to allow muscle movement. (Thin film on chicken)
A
Fascia
10
Q
Pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia.
A
Myofascial
11
Q
Muscle
A
my/o
12
Q
Fascia
A
fasci
13
Q
Pertaining to
A
-al
14
Q
Is a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone. (Do NOT confuse _________ with ligaments, which are bands of fibrous tissue that form by connecting one bone to another bone)
A
Tendon
15
Q
A sheet-like fibrous connective tissue, which resembles a flattened tendon that serves as a fascia to bind muscles together or as a means of connecting muscle to bone.
A
Aponeurosis
16
Q
Attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
A
Skeletal muscles
17
Q
Skeletal muscles are also known as ________ _________, because we have conscious (voluntary) control over these muscles
A
Voluntary muscles
18
Q
Skeletal muscles are also known as ___________ ____________ because under a microscope, the dark and light bands in the muscle fibers create a striped appearance.
A
Striated muscles
19
Q
Striped
A
Striated
20
Q
Located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands.
A
Smooth muscles
21
Q
Smooth muscles are also known as ____________ _____________ because they are under the control of the autonomic nervous system and are not under voluntary control.
A
Involuntary muscles
22
Q
Smooth muscles are also known as ___________ ____________. This is because they do not have the dark and light bands that produce the striped appearance seen in striated muscles.
A
Unstriated muscles
23
Q
Smooth muscles are also known as ____________ _____________ because they are found in hollow structures such as those of the digestive and urinary systems. These muscles are found in large internal organs, with the exception of the heart.
A
Visceral muscles
24
Relating to the internal organs
Visceral
25
(Combo muscles) also known as myocardium or cardiac muscle, form the muscular walls of the heart.
Myocardial muscles
26
Heart
cardi
27
_____________ ____________ is like striated skeletal muscle in appearance but is similar to smooth muscle in that it's action is involuntary.
Myocardial muscle
28
Stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve. Motor nerves enable the brain to stimulate a muscle or contract. When the stimulation stops, the muscle relaxes. This information controls the body's voluntary muscular contractions. If the nerve impulse is disrupted due to an injury or disease, the muscle is unable to function properly.
Muscle innervstion
29
Pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
Neuromuscular
30
Nerve
neur/o
31
Muscle
muscu
32
Pertaining to
-ar
33
All muscles are arranged in ___________ ___________.
Antagonistic pairs
34
Refers to working in opposition to each other.
Antagonistic
35
Tightening of a muscle
Contraction
36
Occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
Relaxation
37
(Jumping jacks), is the movement of a limb (arm or leg) away from the midline of the body.
Abduction
38
Lead
duct
39
Away from
ab-
40
Action
-ion
41
Muscle that moves a body part away from the midline.
Abductor
42
Movement of a limb (arm or leg) toward the midline of the body.
Adduction
43
Toward
ad-
44
Muscle that moves a body part toward the midline.
Adductor
45
Decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint.
Flexion
46
Bend
flex
47
Bends a limb at a joint
Flexor muscle
48
Increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
Extension
49
Away from
-ex
50
Stretch out
tens
51
Straightens a limb at a joint
Extensor muscle
52
Is the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit. (Whip lash)
Hyperextension
53
Is the act of raising or lifting a body part. (Elevator)
Elevation
54
Muscles of the face raises the corners of the mouth into smile.
Levator anguli oris
55
Muscle that raises a body part.
Levator
56
The act of lowering a body part.
Depression
57
Lowers the corner or the mouth into a frown.
Depressor anguli oris
58
Muscle that lowers a body part
Depressor
59
Circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint.
Rotation
60
An imaginary line that runs lengthwise through the center of the body, and rotation turns a bone on its own ______.
Axis
61
The circular movement at the far end of a limb. (Swinging motion of the far end of the arm, softball pitch)
Circumduction
62
Turns a body part on its axis
Rotator muscle
63
The head of the __________, which is the bone of the upper arm, rotates within the shoulder joint.
Humerus
64
Group of muscles and their tendons that hold the head of the humerus securely in place as it rotates within the shoulder joint.
Rotator cuff
65
Is the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward.
Supination
66
Is the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward.
Pronation
67
Is the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle.
Dorsiflextion
68
Is the moment that bends the foot downward at the ankle.
Plantar Flexion
69
Pertaining to the sole of the foot
Plantar
70
Where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton.
Origin
71
Is where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon. In contrast to the origin, the insertion is the more moveable attachment, and it is the farthest point from the midline of the body.
Insertion
72
Helps bend the neck and rotate the head
Sternocleidomastoid muscle
73
Breastbone
stern/o
74
Collar bone
cleid/o
75
Muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process.
Mastoid
76
___________ muscles and ____________ muscles are the pair of muscles that make flexion (bending) and extension (straightening) of the wrist possible.
Flexor carpi muscles and extensor carpi muscles
77
Wrist or wrist bones
Carpi
78
A thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
Pectoralis major
79
Relating to the chest
Pectoral
80
Towards the side
Lateralis
81
Toward the midline
Medialis
82
Slanted or at an angle
Oblique
83
In straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
Rectus
84
Ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
Sphincter
85
Crosswise direction
Transverse
86
Also known as biceps, formed from two divisions
Biceps brachii
87
Also known as triceps, is formed from three divisions
Triceps brachii
88
Two
bi-
89
Head
-ceps
90
Three
tri-
91
The largest muscle of the buttock
Gluteus Maximus
92
Located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle, which is the Greek letter delta
Deltoid muscle
93
Located on the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles: biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranous muscles. Primary functions: knee flexion and hip extension
Hamstring group
94
Muscles in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows
Frontalis
95
Muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
Temporalis
96
The strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
Masseter
97
Muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
Trapezius
98
Made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee
Quadriceps femoris
99
Specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs, and administer medical test to promote physical fitness
Exercise physiologist
100
Physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
Neurologist
101
Physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring function
Physiatrist
102
Treating sports-related injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles
Sports medicine physician
103
Inflammation of a fascia
Fasciitis
104
Debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue
Fibromyalgia syndrome
105
Inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
Tenosynovitis
106
Tendon
ten/o
107
Synovial membrane
synov
108
Inflammation
-itis
109
Inflammation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
Tendinitis
110
Tendon
tendin
111
Band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally. These can form in muscles or in internal organs, as the result of an injury or surgery.
Adhesion
112
______________ refers to adhesions forming in the capsule of connective tissue in the shoulder, tightening around the shoulder joint
Frozen shoulder
113
Weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures. ____________ of a muscle or muscles can be caused by pathology or by disuse of the muscle over a long period of time.
Atrophy
114
Tenderness or pain in the muscles
Myalgia
115
Muscle
my
116
Pain
-algia
117
Herniation (protrusion) of muscle substance through a tear in the fascia surrounding it
Myocele
118
Hernia
-cele
119
Protrusion of a part of a structure through the tissues normally containing it
Hernia
120
Degeneration of muscle tissue
Myolysis
121
Destruction or breaking down in disease
-lysis
122
Rupture or tearing of a muscle
Myorrhexis
123
Rupture
-rrhexis
124
Muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
Polymyositis
125
Many
poly-
126
Muscle
myos
127
Loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
Sarcopenia
128
Flesh
sarc/o
129
Deficiency
-penia
130
State of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
Muscle tone
131
Lacking normal muscle tone or strength
Atonic
132
Without
a-
133
Tone
ton
134
Pertaining to
-ic
135
Condition of abnormal muscle tone that causes the impairment of voluntary muscle movement
Dystonia
136
Bad
dys-
137
Condition
-is
138
Condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
Hypotonia
139
Deficient
hypo-
140
Lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
Ataxia
141
Coordination
tax
142
Permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
Contracture
143
Pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
Intermittent claudication
144
Coming and going at intervals
Intermittent
145
Limping
Claudication
146
A sudden, involuntary contraction of one or more muscles. Also know as a charley horse.
Spasm
147
Painful localized muscle spam often named for its cause, such as menstrual cramps or writer's cramp
Cramp
148
Also known as wryneck, is a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
Spasmodic torticollis
149
Extreme slowness in movement
Bradykinesia
150
Slow
brady-
151
Movement
kines
152
Is the distortion or impairment of voluntary movement such as a tic or spasm
Dyskinesia
153
Abnormally increased muscle function or activity
Hyperkinesia
154
Excessive
hyper-
155
The sudden, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
Myoclonus
156
Violent action
clon
157
Singular noun ending
-us
158
Jerking of the limbs that can occur normally as a person is falling asleep
Nocturnal myoclonus
159
Also known as the hiccups, is myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
Singultus
160
Chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activities muscle to contract) and produces serious weakness of voluntary muscles. Muscles that control eye movement, facial expression, chewing, talking, and swallowing are often affected by this condition.
Myasthenia gravis
161
Weakness or lack of strength
-asthenia
162
Describes a group of more than 30 genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system.
Muscular dystrophy
163
Plural form of muscular dystrophy
Muscular dystrophies
164
Common form of muscular dystrophy in children. Thin condition affects primarily in boys with onset between the ages of 3 and 5 years. The disorder progresses rapidly so that most of these boys are unable to walk by age 12 and later need a respirator to breathe.
Duchenne muscular dystrophy
165
This is very similar to, but less severe than, Duchenne muscular dystrophy.
Becker muscular dystrophy
166
A variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions preformed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports.
Repetitive stress disorders
167
This occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
Impingement syndrome
168
Inflammation of the tendons of the rotator cuff
Rotator cuff tendinitis
169
Develops when rotator cuff tendinitis is left untreated or if the overuse continues
Ruptured rotator cuff
170
Symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen.
Carpal tunnel syndrome
171
Surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to relieve the pressure on tendons and nerves
Carpal tunnel release
172
Harmless fluid filled swelling that occurs most commonly on the outer surface of the wrist.
Ganglion cyst
173
Inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
Epicondylitis
174
On
epi-
175
Condyle
condyl
176
Also known as tennis elbow, is characterized by pain on the outer side of the forearm.
Lateral epicondylitis
177
Also known as golfer's elbow, is characterized by pain on the palm-side of the forearm
Medial epicondylitis
178
Is an injury to a joint, such as an ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
Sprain
179
Is an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
Strain
180
Is a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia (shin bone)
Shin splint
181
Can be a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee
Hamstring injury
182
Painful inflammation of the Achilles' tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
Achilles tendinitis
183
Is an overuse injury. The iliotibial band runs from the hip bone, diagonally across the leg to the tibia. ITBS is caused by this band rubbing against bone, often in the area of the knee.
Iliotibial band syndrome
184
Determined by the level of the vertebrae closest to the injury. The higher the on the spinal cord the injury occurs, the greater the area of the body that may be affected.
Spinal cord injury (SCI)
185
This occurs when a vertebrae is broken and a piece of the broken bone is pressing into the the spinal cord.
Injury
186
When the __________ _________ is injured, the ability of the brain to communicate with the body below the level of the injury may be reduced or lost together.
Spinal cord
187
The person has some function below the level of the injury, even though that function isn't normal
Incomplete injury
188
There is complete loss of sensation and muscle control below the level of the injury; however, a complete injury does not mean that there is no hope of any improvement.
Complete injury
189
The loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply. Damage can be either temporary or permanent.
Paralysis
190
Weakness or slight muscular paralysis
Myoparesis
191
Slight paralysis or weakness affecting one side of the body
Hemiparesis
192
Partial or incomplete paralysis
-paresis
193
Half
hemi-
194
Total paralysis affecting only one side of the body. (Stroke or brain damage). Damage to one side of the brain causes paralysis on the opposite side of the body.
Hemiplegia
195
Paralysis
-plegia
196
Individual affected with hemiplegia is known as
Hemiplegic
197
Paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body.
Paraplegia
198
Individual affected with paraplegia is known as
Paraplegic
199
Paralysis of all four extremities
Quadriplegia
200
Four
quadr/i
201
Individual affected with quadriplegia is known as
Quadriplegic
202
Paralysis of heart muscles. Although this can be caused by a direct mole or trauma, it is more commonly induced intentionally to perform complicated surgery.
Cardioplegia
203
Heart
cardi/o
204
Tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon.
Deep tendon reflexes
205
Involuntary response to a stimulus.
Reflex
206
Diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
Range-of-motion testing
207
Diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
Electromyography
208
Electricity
electr/o
209
Process of producing a picture or record
-graphy
210
The resulting record is called ___________
Electromyogram
211
Involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination. A biopsy needle is commonly used to obtain this specimen, which is later used for examination.
Muscle biopsy
212
Administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder.
Antispasmodic
213
Administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
Skeletal muscle relaxant
214
Drug that causes temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission of nerve stimuli to the muscles. These drugs are used as an adjunct to anesthesia during surgery to chase skeletal muscles to relax.
Neuromuscular blocker
215
Study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment. Usually applied to the design of equipment and workspaces, with the goal of reducing injuries, strain, and stress.
Ergonomics
216
Specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia syndrome, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint disorders (TMJ), and carpal tunnel syndrome.
Myofascial release
217
Consist of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living (ADL), which include grooming, eating, and dressing.
Occupational therapy
218
Treatment to prevent disability or restore function rough the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques.
Physical therapy
219
Uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles
Transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
220
Rest and ice are recommended for the first few days after the injury to ease pain. Compression, such as wrapping with a stretch bandage, and elevation help minimize swelling. After the first few days, as the pain decreases, using heat, accompanied by stretching and light exercises, helps bring blood to the injured area to speed healing.
RICE
221
Surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
Fasciotomy
222
Fascia
fasci
223
Surgical incision
-otomy
224
Surgical repair of a fascia
Fascioplasty
225
Surgical repair
-plasty
226
Surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
Tendodesis
227
Tendon
ten/o
228
Bind or tie together
-desis
229
Release of a tendon from adhesions
Tenolysis
230
Set free
-lysis
231
Surgical suturing together of the divided ends of a tendon
Tennorraphy
232
Surgical suturing
-rrahphy
233
Surgical suturing a muscle
Myorrahpy
234
Surgical incision into a muscle
Myotomy
