Chapter 3: The Use of Theory Flashcards by Aihla Llona Rosaldo

In quantitative research, what is often tested from theories?
A) Hypotheses
B) Theoretical frameworks
C) Concepts
D) Research questions

Answer: A) Hypotheses

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In qualitative research, theory use is:
A) Always the same
B) Highly structured
C) Much more varied
D) Uncommon

Answer: C) Much more varied

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In grounded theory, theory is typically:
A) Developed at the beginning of the study
B) Generated at the end of the study
C) Not used at all
D) Always presented as a model

Answer: B) Generated at the end of the study

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In ethnographies, theory is often:
A) Developed as the study progresses
B) Used at the beginning of the study
C) Not mentioned
D) A call for action

Answer: B) Used at the beginning of the study

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In mixed methods research, theory may:
A) Only test hypotheses
B) Be used in either part of the design, quantitative or qualitative
C) Be used exclusively in qualitative parts
D) Be generated without being tested

Answer: B) Be used in either part of the design, quantitative or qualitative

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What is an example of a “hook” in theory?
A) A research question
B) A theoretical model
C) A study’s conclusion
D) A literature review

Answer: B) A theoretical model

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The nature of theory in research can vary depending on the:
A) Type of research being conducted
B) Researcher’s personal preferences
C) Data collection method
D) Study participants

Answer: A) Type of research being conducted

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A theory in research may be presented as:
A) A bibliography
B) A diagram of the relationship among variables
C) A research question
D) A survey instrument

Answer: B) A diagram of the relationship among variables

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Theory in research can sometimes be described as a:
A) Prediction of expected findings
B) Step-by-step guide
C) Statistical analysis
D) Conclusion from a previous study

Answer: A) Prediction of expected findings

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Researchers can find theories for their study by:
A) Reviewing research findings
B) Conducting a literature search
C) Asking participants for suggestions
D) Using their own intuition

Answer: B) Conducting a literature search

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In the general procedure for including theory, the first step is to:
A) Write about the theory
B) Conduct a literature search
C) Identify the theory from the literature
D) Place the theory in the conclusion

Answer: C) Identify the theory from the literature

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After identifying the theory, where should it be placed in the article?
A) At the end of the study
B) In the introduction section
C) In the methodology section
D) In the abstract

Answer: B) In the introduction section

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When discussing the theory in a study, researchers should first:
A) Provide a literature review
B) Describe the major concepts
C) Mention the name of the theory
D) Present a hypothesis

Answer: C) Mention the name of the theory

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In the process of including theory in a study, what should come after describing the theory?
A) Define the study’s research questions
B) Discuss the studies using the theory
C) Write the methodology section
D) Explain how the theory was tested

Answer: B) Discuss the studies using the theory

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A diagram of the theory should include:
A) Only a visual model
B) Links and major concepts/variables in the theory
C) The entire literature review
D) Only the names of authors associated with the theory

Answer: B) Links and major concepts/variables in the theory

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The theory should provide a:
A) Methodology for data collection
B) Conceptual framework for the study
C) Statistical analysis model
D) Conclusion for the study

Answer: B) Conceptual framework for the study

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What should researchers do at the end of the study regarding the theory?
A) Discard the theory
B) Review its role in informing the findings
C) Replace it with a new theory
D) Present a different theory

Answer: B) Review its role in informing the findings

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Theories in research can be a call for:
A) Statistical analysis
B) Action, such as a social change agenda
C) Additional funding
D) A new research topic

Answer: B) Action, such as a social change agenda

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Theories used in research often have:
A) Multiple authors
B) A single author
C) A rigid format
D) No distinct name

Answer: A) Multiple authors

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A researcher might return to the theory in order to:
A) Adjust the methodology
B) Compare the theory with other studies
C) Redesign the study
D) Gather new data

Answer: B) Compare the theory with other studies

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A theory in research might also be referred to as a:
A) Research hypothesis
B) Theoretical rationale
C) Data set
D) Study objective

Answer: B) Theoretical rationale

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In mixed methods research, theories inform:
A) Only the quantitative instruments
B) The qualitative interview questions only
C) Different parts of the design
D) Just the findings section

Answer: C) Different parts of the design

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The theory’s use may vary depending on the:
A) Researcher’s preference
B) Type of research method used
C) Study’s location
D) Number of variables being tested

Answer: B) Type of research method used

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A model of theory typically shows:
A) The relationships among variables or constructs
B) The types of data to be collected
C) The researcher’s personal opinion
D) A theoretical timeline

Answer: A) The relationships among variables or constructs

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In qualitative studies, theory may shape: A) The hypotheses B) The focus and questions asked C) Only the data collection methods D) The statistical analysis

Answer: B) The focus and questions asked

Theories in mixed methods research are used to: A) Generate both hypotheses and new theories B) Only explain qualitative findings C) Guide data analysis D) Provide a framework for the discussion

Answer: A) Generate both hypotheses and new theories

The theory in a research study might be referred to as a: A) Hypothesis B) Research problem C) Theoretical orientation D) Literature review

Answer: C) Theoretical orientation

In grounded theory, the theory is typically: A) Generated through data collection and analysis B) Predetermined at the beginning of the study C) A model of existing theories D) Simply a hypothesis

Answer: A) Generated through data collection and analysis

A framework for a study typically refers to: A) A set of predetermined hypotheses B) The theoretical background and concepts that guide the study C) The exact steps in data collection D) The researcher's conclusions

Answer: B) The theoretical background and concepts that guide the study

The role of theory in a research study is to: A) Provide the final conclusion B) Inform the study’s design, data collection, and analysis C) Act as a guide for participants D) Limit the study's scope

Answer: B) Inform the study’s design, data collection, and analysis

What is the primary purpose of theory in quantitative research? A) To test hypotheses B) To explain and predict relationships among variables C) To gather data D) To manipulate variables

Answer: B) To explain and predict relationships among variables

According to Kerlinger (1979), a theory in quantitative research is a set of: A) Independent variables B) Hypotheses C) Interrelated constructs (variables), definitions, and propositions D) Questions

Answer: C) Interrelated constructs (variables), definitions, and propositions

The term "theoretical rationale" was used by: A) Labovitz and Hagedorn B) Kerlinger C) Thomas D) Neuman

Answer: A) Labovitz and Hagedorn

A theory in quantitative research provides an explanation for: A) The literature review B) The expected relationship among variables C) The data collection methods D) The sample size

Answer: B) The expected relationship among variables

A theory in quantitative research can be visualized as a: A) Statistical analysis B) Conceptual model or diagram C) Data table D) Literature review

Answer: B) Conceptual model or diagram

Theories in quantitative research emerge after: A) Collecting qualitative data B) Testing predictions (hypotheses) over and over C) Reviewing the literature D) Developing a research question

Answer: B) Testing predictions (hypotheses) over and over

The development of a theory in research is often a result of: A) One study B) A series of repeated tests across different settings and populations C) Initial conceptualization alone D) A literature review

Answer: B) A series of repeated tests across different settings and populations

Theories vary in their: A) Breadth of coverage B) Level of statistical significance C) Sample size D) Data collection methods

Answer: A) Breadth of coverage

Neuman (2009) describes theories at which three levels? A) Micro, meso, macro B) Small, medium, large C) Experimental, observational, descriptive D) Predictive, exploratory, explanatory

Answer: A) Micro, meso, macro

Micro-level theories typically explain: A) Large aggregates like social institutions B) Small, localized interactions or behaviors C) National economic systems D) Demographic variables

Answer: B) Small, localized interactions or behaviors

Meso-level theories link: A) Theories of power and control B) Micro and macro-level theories C) Experimental and survey research D) Theoretical propositions and hypotheses

Answer: B) Micro and macro-level theories

Macro-level theories explain: A) Small-scale, localized phenomena B) Large aggregates like social institutions C) The interaction between variables D) Research hypotheses

Answer: B) Large aggregates like social institutions

A variable in quantitative research is: A) A constant factor in an experiment B) A characteristic or attribute that can be measured or observed C) A hypothesis tested in the study D) An unmeasurable concept

Answer: B) A characteristic or attribute that can be measured or observed

What is an independent variable? A) A variable that is influenced by other variables B) A variable that influences or affects the outcome C) A variable that is not related to the dependent variable D) A confounding variable

Answer: B) A variable that influences or affects the outcome

In the red wine consumption study, the independent variable is: A) Heart attack incidence B) The amount of red wine consumed C) Heart disease risk D) Age of participants

Answer: B) The amount of red wine consumed

Dependent variables are: A) Independent of all other variables B) Variables that affect the independent variable C) The outcomes or results influenced by the independent variable D) Variables that predict the outcome

Answer: C) The outcomes or results influenced by the independent variable

In the red wine study, heart attack incidence is an example of a: A) Mediating variable B) Dependent variable C) Predictor variable D) Moderating variable

Answer: B) Dependent variable

A predictor variable: A) Can be manipulated by the researcher B) Cannot predict an outcome C) Predicts an outcome but cannot be manipulated D) Is always dependent on other variables

Answer: C) Predicts an outcome but cannot be manipulated

Outcome variables are also known as: A) Dependent variables B) Independent variables C) Predictor variables D) Confounding variables

Answer: A) Dependent variables

Intervening (mediating) variables: A) Are unrelated to the independent and dependent variables B) Affect the direction of the relationship between independent and dependent variables C) Transmit the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable D) Only occur in survey research

Answer: C) Transmit the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

A moderating variable: A) Has no effect on the relationship between variables B) Affects the direction or strength of the relationship between variables C) Only affects independent variables D) Is always a confounding variable

Answer: B) Affects the direction or strength of the relationship between variables

Confounding variables: A) Can be manipulated by the researcher B) Are unrelated to both independent and dependent variables C) Are both related to the independent variable and the dependent variable D) Do not affect the results of the study

Answer: C) Are both related to the independent variable and the dependent variable

A confounding variable in the red wine study might be: A) The amount of polyphenols in red wine B) The age of the participants C) The researcher’s hypothesis D) The heart attack risk

Answer: B) The age of the participants

A hypothesis is: A) A result of data analysis B) A predictive statement about a relationship between variables C) A conclusion drawn from the literature review D) A variable manipulated by the researcher

Answer: B) A predictive statement about a relationship between variables

In quantitative research, variables are measured as: A) Predicted outcomes B) Categorical or continuous C) Hypotheses or theories D) Theoretical models

Answer: B) Categorical or continuous

Categorical scales have which two types? A) Nominal and interval B) Ordinal and ratio C) Nominal and ordinal D) Continuous and discrete

Answer: C) Nominal and ordinal

An example of a nominal scale is: A) Level of education (none, bachelor’s, graduate) B) Age of participants (in years) C) Survey responses (strongly agree, agree, neutral) D) Rating scale for importance

Answer: A) Level of education (none, bachelor’s, graduate)

An ordinal scale: A) Represents categories with no rank order B) Represents categories with a rank order C) Measures continuous variables D) Measures absolute numbers

Answer: B) Represents categories with a rank order

An example of an ordinal scale would be: A) Age of participants B) Educational level (none, bachelor’s, graduate) C) Level of satisfaction (not satisfied, somewhat satisfied, very satisfied) D) Income level

Answer: C) Level of satisfaction (not satisfied, somewhat satisfied, very satisfied)

A continuous scale is: A) A rank order of categories B) Measured in specific, distinct categories C) A scale with a continuous range of values D) Used only for nominal data

Answer: C) A scale with a continuous range of values

The scale of "strongly agree" to "strongly disagree" is an example of a: A) Nominal scale B) Ordinal scale C) Interval or ratio scale D) Continuous scale

Answer: C) Interval or ratio scale

In a quantitative study, variables are measured by: A) Hypotheses B) Instruments or observational methods C) Theoretical models D) Research questions

Answer: B) Instruments or observational methods

Which of the following is not a type of variable in quantitative research? A) Independent variable B) Dependent variable C) Mediating variable D) Psychological variable

Answer: D) Psychological variable

Which type of theory focuses on the broadest level, explaining whole societies and social institutions? A) Micro-level theories B) Meso-level theories C) Macro-level theories D) Predictive theories

Answer: C) Macro-level theories

Theoretical perspectives in research are often discussed in the: A) Abstract section B) Methods section C) Literature review or a separate theory base section D) Results section

Answer: C) Literature review or a separate theory base section

A theoretical perspective is often used in research proposals when applying to present a paper at: A) The American Psychological Association conference B) The American Sociological Association conference C) The American Educational Research Association conference D) The National Institutes of Health conference

Answer: C) The American Educational Research Association conference

A theory might appear in a research study as: A) Only a written argument B) Only a visual model C) An argument, a discussion, a figure, a rationale, or a visual model D) Only a figure

Answer: C) An argument, a discussion, a figure, a rationale, or a visual model

The rainbow metaphor in theory use refers to: A) The visualization of data analysis B) The connection between independent and dependent variables C) The structure of a literature review D) The results section of the paper

Answer: B) The connection between independent and dependent variables

In experimental studies, independent variables are often referred to as: A) Outcome variables B) Predictor variables C) Mediating variables D) Treatment or manipulated variables

Answer: D) Treatment or manipulated variables

In quantitative research, a mediating variable provides: A) A prediction of future outcomes B) A connection between independent and dependent variables C) A statistical analysis model D) A control group

Answer: B) A connection between independent and dependent variables

In the context of the red wine study, the amount of polyphenols in the wine is an example of a: A) Confounding variable B) Mediating variable C) Moderating variable D) Dependent variable

Answer: B) Mediating variable

Theories can be tested by: A) Using the same hypothesis repeatedly B) Reviewing past research findings C) Conducting a literature review D) Repeatedly testing hypotheses in various settings and populations

Answer: D) Repeatedly testing hypotheses in various settings and populations

Causal relationships in quantitative research refer to: A) Correlations between variables B) The effect one variable has on another C) Random associations D) Unrelated variables

Answer: B) The effect one variable has on another

A scale that includes categories with a specific order, but no exact numeric values, is: A) Nominal B) Ordinal C) Interval D) Ratio

Answer: B) Ordinal

Which of the following is an example of a confounding variable? A) The researcher’s gender B) A factor that is related to both the independent and dependent variables C) A manipulated experimental variable D) The dependent variable itself

Answer: B) A factor that is related to both the independent and dependent variables

An example of a moderating variable would be: A) The amount of a substance administered in an experiment B) A factor that influences the strength of a relationship between variables C) A factor that is part of the control group D) A factor unrelated to the dependent variable

Answer: B) A factor that influences the strength of a relationship between variables

The concept of prediction is central to: A) Qualitative research B) Theories in quantitative research C) Descriptive statistics D) The findings section

Answer: B) Theories in quantitative research

What level of theory explains rituals in face-to-face interactions? A) Micro-level theory B) Meso-level theory C) Macro-level theory D) Global theory

Answer: A) Micro-level theory

Theories can be used to: A) Predict outcomes B) Gather data C) Calculate sample size D) Provide financial support

Answer: A) Predict outcomes

What is a primary characteristic of a mediator variable? A) It measures the dependent variable B) It interacts with the independent variable C) It transmits the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable D) It remains constant throughout the study

Answer: C) It transmits the effect of the independent variable on the dependent variable

A researcher is testing whether the amount of red wine consumed predicts heart disease risk. In this study, the heart disease risk is the: A) Independent variable B) Mediating variable C) Dependent variable D) Confounding variable

Answer: C) Dependent variable

Which scale of measurement is used when response options are on a scale like 1–5? A) Nominal scale B) Ordinal scale C) Interval scale D) Ratio scale

Answer: C) Interval scale

What is a common mistake when analyzing confounding variables? A) Ignoring their influence B) Overmanipulating the independent variable C) Confusing them with dependent variables D) Treating them as independent variables

Answer: A) Ignoring their influence

Theories serve to: A) Summarize all findings B) Offer a structured explanation for relationships among variables C) Present the research methodology D) Conduct statistical analyses

Answer: B) Offer a structured explanation for relationships among variables

Theories often help researchers: A) Avoid conducting any experiments B) Collect qualitative data C) Generate hypotheses to test relationships between variables D) Identify data collection methods

Answer: C) Generate hypotheses to test relationships between variables

A survey method study might include: A) Randomly manipulating predictor variables B) Measuring naturally occurring predictor variables C) Using experimental treatments D) Testing confounding variables only

Answer: B) Measuring naturally occurring predictor variables

In a quantitative study, "outcome" variables are equivalent to: A) Independent variables B) Mediating variables C) Dependent variables D) Predictor variables

Answer: C) Dependent variables

Which type of theory connects smaller-scale phenomena to larger societal structures? A) Micro-level theory B) Meso-level theory C) Macro-level theory D) Predictive theory

Answer: B) Meso-level theory

The key difference between an independent variable and a predictor variable is: A) An independent variable is manipulated, while a predictor variable is measured naturally B) An independent variable is always continuous, while a predictor variable is categorical C) A predictor variable is always experimental D) There is no difference

Answer: A) An independent variable is manipulated, while a predictor variable is measured naturally

The scale of measurement that is best for measuring continuous data with a true zero point is: A) Nominal scale B) Ordinal scale C) Interval scale D) Ratio scale

Answer: D) Ratio scale

In the red wine example, what is the independent variable (X)? A) Heart attack event B) Daily red wine consumption C) Daily exercise D) Risk of heart disease

Answer: B) Daily red wine consumption

In the red wine example, what is the dependent variable (Y)? A) Heart attack event B) Daily red wine consumption C) Daily exercise D) Risk of heart disease

Answer: A) Heart attack event

What is a confounding variable? A) A variable that is unaffected by the independent variable B) A variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables, potentially misleading causal inference C) A variable that only affects the dependent variable D) A variable that is not related to the study

Answer: B) A variable that affects both the independent and dependent variables, potentially misleading causal inference

Which research method provides more control over potential unmeasured variables when testing causal claims? A) Surveys B) Observational studies C) True experiments D) Qualitative studies

Answer: C) True experiments

Which method can test associations but not causal claims? A) Surveys B) Experimental research C) Longitudinal studies D) Correlational studies

Answer: A) Surveys

Temporal order in causality means that: A) The independent variable affects the dependent variable at the same time B) The dependent variable causes the independent variable C) One variable precedes the other in time D) Both variables occur at random intervals

Answer: C) One variable precedes the other in time

In the study of red wine consumption and heart disease, which variable would likely be considered a potential confounder? A) The amount of alcohol in the wine B) The exercise habits of the participants C) The color of the wine D) The number of heart attacks in the group

Answer: B) The exercise habits of the participants

A theory in quantitative research can be presented in the form of: A) Visual models only B) A literature review only C) Hypotheses, if-then statements, or visual models D) Only a written argument

Answer: C) Hypotheses, if-then statements, or visual models

What does an "if-then" statement in a theory illustrate? A) A hypothesis that links two variables causally B) A summary of the research findings C) The research question D) The methods used in the study

Answer: A) A hypothesis that links two variables causally

How did Hopkins (1964) state his theory? A) As a single hypothesis B) As a series of interconnected hypotheses C) Using visual models only D) As a set of survey questions

Answer: B) As a series of interconnected hypotheses

The theory proposed by Homans (1950) is an example of: A) A visual model of causality B) A theory based on if-then logic statements C) A set of interconnected hypotheses D) A non-causal theory

Answer: B) A theory based on if-then logic statements

A causal model can help researchers: A) Predict the outcome of a single variable B) Understand relationships between multiple variables C) Identify the most important variables to manipulate D) Measure independent variables only

Answer: B) Understand relationships between multiple variables

What is a key feature of causal models, as advocated by Blalock (1991)? A) Variables should be listed without direction of influence B) The dependent variable is positioned on the left side of the model C) One-way arrows show the influence of independent variables on dependent variables D) Only statistical significance is shown

Answer: C) One-way arrows show the influence of independent variables on dependent variables

In causal modeling, what is typically placed on the right side of the diagram? A) Independent variables B) Intervening variables C) Dependent variables D) Control variables

Answer: C) Dependent variables

What is indicated by positive or negative valences in a causal model? A) The direction of influence among variables B) The sample size for the study C) The reliability of the measurement instruments D) The likelihood of a confounding variable

Answer: A) The direction of influence among variables

In a basic causal diagram, arrows show: A) The strength of the relationship between variables B) The measurement instruments used C) The direction of influence between variables D) The time order of events

Answer: C) The direction of influence between variables

In a causal model, what does a two-headed arrow represent? A) A one-way influence between two variables B) A measurement error between two variables C) An unmeasured or unspecified relationship between two variables D) A perfect correlation between two variables

Answer: C) An unmeasured or unspecified relationship between two variables

What is an exogenous variable in a causal model? A) A variable that is not influenced by other variables in the model B) A variable that is influenced by other variables in the model C) A mediator of the relationship between independent and dependent variables D) A dependent variable

Answer: A) A variable that is not influenced by other variables in the model

In Jungnickel’s research on scholarly performance, what type of variable is "prior research training"? A) Endogenous variable B) Exogenous variable C) Mediating variable D) Dependent variable

Answer: B) Exogenous variable

What would the dependent variable be in a study about factors influencing scholarly research performance among faculty? A) Research productivity B) Tenure standards C) Type of faculty appointment D) Prior research training

Answer: A) Research productivity

What is an endogenous variable? A) A variable influenced by other variables within the causal model B) A variable not influenced by other variables C) A random variable D) A mediator variable

Answer: A) A variable influenced by other variables within the causal model

Which of the following is an example of a time-sequenced causal relationship? A) Drinking coffee and feeling alert at the same time B) Heart disease risk affecting wine consumption C) Exercise influencing heart attack risk over time D) Heart disease risk and wine consumption both being measured at the same moment

Answer: C) Exercise influencing heart attack risk over time

What would temporal order in a causal claim require? A) The independent variable to be measured at the same time as the dependent variable B) The dependent variable to come before the independent variable in time C) The independent variable to precede the dependent variable in time D) Both variables to occur in random order

Answer: C) The independent variable to precede the dependent variable in time

Blalock’s (1991) work focuses on which key concept? A) The measurement of variables in quantitative research B) The calculation of statistical significance C) The testing of causal claims in quantitative research D) The ethical implications of research

Answer: C) The testing of causal claims in quantitative research

What is a key consideration when establishing causality between two variables? A) Ensuring both variables are normally distributed B) Avoiding confounding variables C) Collecting qualitative data D) Matching sample sizes between groups

Answer: B) Avoiding confounding variables

The higher one’s rank, the greater one’s centrality. This statement is an example of: A) An if-then statement B) A visual model C) A hypothesis D) A confounding variable

Answer: C) A hypothesis

What does the term "causal modeling" refer to? A) Using narrative explanations to describe relationships B) Developing visual representations of causal relationships between variables C) A statistical technique for hypothesis testing D) A method for sampling participants

Answer: B) Developing visual representations of causal relationships between variables

Which of the following is true about a visual model in causal research? A) It only works for experimental designs B) It can show complex relationships among multiple variables C) It excludes the independent variables from the diagram D) It is a less effective method than using if-then statements

Answer: B) It can show complex relationships among multiple variables

The idea that "the greater one’s centrality, the greater one’s conformity" is an example of: A) A confounding variable B) A dependent variable C) A hypothesis linking two variables D) A statistical control

Answer: C) A hypothesis linking two variables

In causal research, which of the following variables would be considered endogenous? A) The amount of exercise affecting heart disease B) The exercise habits of participants in the study C) A third variable influencing both exercise and heart disease D) The gender of the participants

Answer: A) The amount of exercise affecting heart disease

The higher one’s rank, the greater one’s observability. This is an example of: A) A visual model B) An if-then statement C) A confounding variable D) A statistical measure

Answer: B) An if-then statement

Which type of variable is influenced by other variables in a causal model? A) Exogenous B) Mediating C) Endogenous D) Control

Answer: C) Endogenous

How does a visual model help in causal research? A) It explains how to conduct experiments B) It provides a snapshot of the relationships between variables C) It measures sample size D) It collects qualitative data

Answer: B) It provides a snapshot of the relationships between variables

A confounding variable might influence the relationship between which two types of variables? A) Only independent variables B) Only dependent variables C) Both independent and dependent variables D) Neither independent nor dependent variables

Answer: C) Both independent and dependent variables

In quantitative research, what does temporal order mean? A) The independent variable comes before the dependent variable in time B) The dependent variable is measured first C) Variables can be measured in any order D) Temporal order is irrelevant

Answer: A) The independent variable comes before the dependent variable in time

A study using a visual model and arrows between variables would be an example of: A) Experimental research B) Causal modeling C) Survey-based research D) Descriptive statistics

Answer: B) Causal modeling

Which of the following is true about causal research? A) It can only be done in laboratory settings B) It requires temporal order between variables C) It does not need to consider confounding variables D) It only focuses on descriptive data

Answer: B) It requires temporal order between variables

What do valence signs on arrows in a causal model represent? A) Statistical significance B) The direction of the relationship between variables C) The time of measurement D) The control variables used in the study

Answer: B) The direction of the relationship between variables

Which of the following is an example of an exogenous variable in a causal model? A) A mediator of the relationship between independent and dependent variables B) A variable that is not affected by other variables in the model C) A dependent variable D) An endogenous variable

Answer: B) A variable that is not affected by other variables in the model

The term "endogenous" refers to variables that: A) Affect other variables within the model B) Are not influenced by other variables C) Are only measured by the researcher D) Cannot be measured

Answer: A) Affect other variables within the model

Which is true about a true experimental design in testing causal claims? A) It is not necessary to establish temporal order B) It allows control over potential confounding variables C) It can only test descriptive relationships D) It avoids testing hypotheses

Answer: B) It allows control over potential confounding variables

A key advantage of using visual models in causal research is: A) They simplify the interpretation of complex variable relationships B) They eliminate the need for statistical analysis C) They prevent confounding variables from affecting the study D) They avoid the need for temporal order

Answer: A) They simplify the interpretation of complex variable relationships

The model showing the relationship between tenure standards, workload, and research productivity in Jungnickel’s study is an example of: A) A simple correlational model B) An exogenous variable model C) A causal model with multiple variables D) A descriptive study

Answer: C) A causal model with multiple variables

The concept of "causal modeling" is best associated with: A) Blalock B) Homans C) Punch D) Duncan

Answer: A) Blalock

What is the purpose of path analysis in causal modeling? A) To establish the time order of variables B) To quantify the strength of relationships between variables C) To test the statistical significance of each variable D) To measure temporal order of variable relationships

Answer: B) To quantify the strength of relationships between variables

A visual model in causal research is primarily used to: A) Provide a list of survey questions B) Display the relationships between variables C) Predict future outcomes D) Show the sample size used in the study

Answer: B) Display the relationships between variables

Theories in quantitative research are often stated as: A) Only descriptive summaries B) Hypotheses, if-then statements, or visual models C) The final conclusions of the study D) Only experimental results

Answer: B) Hypotheses, if-then statements, or visual models

The causal model presented by Blalock (1991) emphasized the importance of: A) Sampling techniques B) Visual representation of causal relationships C) Theoretical discussions of independent variables D) The collection of descriptive data

Answer: B) Visual representation of causal relationships

In quantitative research, the role of hypotheses is to: A) Summarize findings B) Test the strength of relationships between variables C) Describe the methods used in the study D) Predict causal relationships between variables

Answer: D) Predict causal relationships between variables

The statement "The greater one’s centrality, the greater one’s observability" is an example of: A) A visual model B) A confounding variable C) A hypothesis D) A mediator variable

Answer: C) A hypothesis

In quantitative research, where is theory typically placed in the study? A) At the end of the study B) In the middle of the study C) Toward the beginning of the proposed study D) It is not used in quantitative studies

Answer: C) Toward the beginning of the proposed study

What is the primary purpose of using theory in quantitative research? A) To entertain the reader B) To guide the development of hypotheses or research questions C) To summarize past research findings D) To present the research methodology

Answer: B) To guide the development of hypotheses or research questions

How does a researcher use the deductive approach in a quantitative study? A) By collecting data and developing a theory based on the results B) By testing or verifying a theory using data collection and analysis C) By conducting experiments without reference to existing theories D) By using qualitative research methods to test hypotheses

Answer: B) By testing or verifying a theory using data collection and analysis

What is the first step in the deductive approach for writing a quantitative theoretical perspective? A) Script out the theory section B) Develop a new theory if one does not exist C) Look in the scientific literature for existing theories explaining the phenomenon D) Test the theory with data collection

Answer: C) Look in the scientific literature for existing theories explaining the phenomenon

What should a researcher do if suitable existing theories are not available? A) Ignore the lack of theory and proceed with data collection B) Use a qualitative approach instead of a quantitative one C) Develop their own theory D) Conduct a survey of previous studies

Answer: C) Develop their own theory

How many theories should a researcher limit themselves to when identifying theories for their study? A) No limit B) One or two theories C) Three to five theories D) Five to ten theories

Answer: B) One or two theories

What is the "rainbow question" used for in the deductive approach? A) To summarize the results of previous studies B) To ask how the independent variable(s) influence the dependent variable(s) C) To define key terms in the research D) To test the validity of the theory

Answer: B) To ask how the independent variable(s) influence the dependent variable(s)

When writing the theory section of a quantitative study, which of the following should be included? A) A list of survey questions used in the study B) The theory to be used and its central hypotheses or propositions C) A detailed description of data collection methods D) Statistical results from prior studies

Answer: B) The theory to be used and its central hypotheses or propositions

In the theory section of a research plan, what should be stated about the independent variable(s)? A) How they were measured in the study B) How they will influence the dependent variable(s) based on the theory C) How they are unrelated to the dependent variable(s) D) The statistical significance of the relationship between them

Answer: B) How they will influence the dependent variable(s) based on the theory

The theory used in a quantitative study is applied to explain the relationship between which types of variables? A) Only independent variables B) Only dependent variables C) Independent and dependent variables D) Independent variables and control variables

Answer: C) Independent and dependent variables

According to the model for writing a theoretical perspective, the researcher should include which information about the theory? A) The developer of the theory and the studies where it was used B) A detailed methodology for data collection C) A list of all the variables measured in the study D) The statistical techniques used in the study

Answer: A) The developer of the theory and the studies where it was used

What does the theory section of a research study provide? A) A detailed list of the methods used to collect data B) A theoretical framework for the research questions or hypotheses C) A summary of the research findings D) A comparison of previous studies

Answer: B) A theoretical framework for the research questions or hypotheses

What is the key focus of the "deductive approach" in quantitative research? A) Developing theories after analyzing the data B) Testing or verifying an existing theory through data collection C) Identifying new research questions through qualitative methods D) Observing phenomena without any prior theoretical framework

Answer: B) Testing or verifying an existing theory through data collection

When writing the theoretical perspective, which of the following should a researcher include in their rationale? A) A justification for the use of the selected theory based on its logic B) The number of variables measured in the study C) The methodology used to collect data D) A comparison with alternative theories

Answer: A) A justification for the use of the selected theory based on its logic

What should a researcher do after selecting a theory in the deductive approach? A) Begin data collection immediately B) Identify one or two studies that used the theory in similar contexts C) Revise the theory to fit the research topic D) Ignore the previous studies and create new hypotheses

Answer: B) Identify one or two studies that used the theory in similar contexts

Which part of the theory section connects the theory to the proposed study? A) Theoretical propositions or hypotheses B) The developer's background C) A review of past studies D) The research methods section

Answer: A) Theoretical propositions or hypotheses

In the deductive approach, what must a researcher define in relation to the theory? A) The theoretical propositions B) The independent and dependent variables C) The study's sample size D) The statistical software used for analysis

Answer: B) The independent and dependent variables

What does the researcher expect to confirm or disconfirm in a quantitative study using a theory? A) The number of variables B) The validity of the methodology C) The accuracy of the theoretical framework D) The hypotheses or research questions

Answer: D) The hypotheses or research questions

When writing a quantitative theoretical perspective, what is the purpose of describing how the theory applies to the study? A) To provide an explanation for how the study will be conducted B) To establish the relationship between variables based on the theory C) To describe the statistical significance of the results D) To summarize past research findings

Answer: B) To establish the relationship between variables based on the theory

What is the final step when scripting out the theory section of a quantitative study? A) Conduct the data analysis B) Provide a rationale for how the independent variables influence the dependent variables C) Collect the data for hypothesis testing D) Present the results of past studies using the theory

Answer: B) Provide a rationale for how the independent variables influence the dependent variables

How does theory generally appear in qualitative research? A) As a deductive explanation B) As a theoretical standpoint C) As an endpoint for the study D) All of the above

Answer: D) All of the above

In qualitative research, theory can be used as a broad, deductive explanation for what? A) Emotions and feelings B) Behavior and attitudes C) Sample size and data analysis D) Research methods and tools

Answer: B) Behavior and attitudes

Which research approach typically employs cultural themes or aspects such as social control, language, and kinship? A) Grounded theory B) Ethnography C) Phenomenology D) Action research

Answer: B) Ethnography

What is the purpose of a theoretical standpoint in qualitative research? A) To test predefined hypotheses B) To provide an overall lens for the study questions C) To focus on quantitative measurements D) To ensure statistical validity

Answer: B) To provide an overall lens for the study questions

Which of the following is a theoretical standpoint in qualitative research? A) Quantitative hypothesis testing B) Gender, class, and race as transformative perspectives C) Statistical modeling of data D) Objective neutral analysis

Answer: B) Gender, class, and race as transformative perspectives

What key issue does the critical theory perspective in qualitative research address? A) Exploring biological explanations for health B) Empowering people to transcend the constraints of race, class, and gender C) Defining numerical relationships between variables D) Quantifying psychological behaviors

Answer: B) Empowering people to transcend the constraints of race, class, and gender

Queer theory focuses on what aspect of individuals? A) Their economic status B) Their cultural beliefs C) Their sexual identity and experiences D) Their religious background

Answer: C) Their sexual identity and experiences

What does disability inquiry in qualitative research aim to understand? A) A biological understanding of disability B) The socio-cultural perspectives of disabled individuals C) Psychological traits of disabled individuals D) Genetic causes of disability

Answer: B) The socio-cultural perspectives of disabled individuals

According to Rossman and Rallis (2012), postmodernists reject which of the following? A) The subjective nature of research B) The idea that knowledge is definite and univocal C) The importance of race and gender in research D) All research frameworks

Answer: B) The idea that knowledge is definite and univocal

What is the role of critical and postmodern perspectives in qualitative research? A) To focus on quantitative measurements B) To challenge objectivist assumptions and traditional research norms C) To develop mathematical models D) To emphasize statistical significance

Answer: B) To challenge objectivist assumptions and traditional research norms

In qualitative studies, what does the theoretical end point represent? A) The beginning hypothesis of the study B) The conclusion of the study, which ends with a theoretical or conceptual model C) A detailed description of methodology D) The researcher's personal bias

Answer: B) The conclusion of the study, which ends with a theoretical or conceptual model

In which type of qualitative research is inductive reasoning most commonly used? A) Grounded theory B) Experimental research C) Case study research D) Survey-based research

Answer: A) Grounded theory

What is naturalistic generalization in case study research? A) Theoretical assumptions that are tested through data B) Researcher's personal experiences linked to interpretations and claims C) A statistical model of data D) Objective analysis of variables

Answer: B) Researcher's personal experiences linked to interpretations and claims

According to Lincoln and Guba (1985), pattern theories are explanations that develop during what type of research? A) Quantitative research B) Naturalistic or qualitative research C) Experimental research D) Survey research

Answer: B) Naturalistic or qualitative research

In qualitative research, theories can sometimes develop from what? A) Predefined hypotheses B) Observations and interviews C) Rigid experimental protocols D) Statistical data

Answer: B) Observations and interviews

What is phenomenology in qualitative research? A) A method focused on statistical data analysis B) The study of lived experiences to build the essence of experience C) A type of experimental research D) A process of quantifying social behaviors

Answer: B) The study of lived experiences to build the essence of experience

What role does the researcher's standpoint play in qualitative research? A) It is an impartial position of observation B) It informs the questions asked and the data collection and analysis process C) It is irrelevant to the study design D) It focuses purely on statistical analysis

Answer: B) It informs the questions asked and the data collection and analysis process

How do researchers in critical ethnography approach their studies? A) By focusing on statistical models B) By using a theory to emphasize people's emancipation or repression C) By avoiding the inclusion of theoretical frameworks D) By conducting randomized experiments

Answer: B) By using a theory to emphasize people's emancipation or repression

According to Schwandt (2014), prior conceptual structure often provides the starting point for what? A) Observations in qualitative studies B) Statistical data analysis C) Experimental group comparisons D) Rigid hypothesis testing

Answer: A) Observations in qualitative studies

What is the first step when locating theory in a qualitative study? A) Deciding whether theory is to be used in the proposal B) Writing the conclusion of the study C) Collecting all data D) Writing the methodology section

Answer: A) Deciding whether theory is to be used in the proposal

In qualitative studies with a cultural theme, when is theory usually introduced? A) At the end of the study B) In the middle of the study C) At the beginning of the study D) After all data is collected

Answer: C) At the beginning of the study

In grounded theory studies, theory building is based on what relationship between data and theory? A) A one-way relationship where theory is tested by data B) A reciprocal relationship where theory is both influenced and shaped by data C) A fixed relationship where data dictates the theory D) An unrelated relationship between data and theory

Answer: B) A reciprocal relationship where theory is both influenced and shaped by data

Theoretical frameworks in qualitative studies often help define the researcher's position in what? A) Data analysis only B) The study design C) The final report D) Statistical tests

Answer: C) The final report

In qualitative research, critical theory perspectives often aim to: A) Minimize the role of race, class, and gender in research B) Empower marginalized groups and transcend constraints C) Focus purely on statistical significance D) Focus on empirical data collection without theory

Answer: B) Empower marginalized groups and transcend constraints

Which of the following is an example of a theoretical standpoint? A) Testing a specific hypothesis B) Empowerment and liberation of marginalized groups C) Collecting descriptive data without theory D) Comparing statistical models

Answer: B) Empowerment and liberation of marginalized groups

What does postmodernism argue about knowledge? A) Knowledge is fixed and unchangeable B) Knowledge is subjective and shaped by race, gender, and class C) Knowledge is only valid when it is measurable D) Knowledge is irrelevant to qualitative research

Answer: B) Knowledge is subjective and shaped by race, gender, and class

What is the role of theoretical models in qualitative research? A) To predict future outcomes B) To provide a framework for analyzing data C) To conduct random sampling D) To conduct hypothesis testing

Answer: B) To provide a framework for analyzing data

Grounded theory research aims to: A) Test predefined theories B) Develop a theory grounded in the data collected C) Focus only on qualitative descriptions D) Use deductive reasoning to prove hypotheses

Answer: B) Develop a theory grounded in the data collected

Which theoretical perspective focuses on the empowerment of marginalized groups? A) Feminist theory B) Postmodern theory C) Critical theory D) Disability inquiry

Answer: C) Critical theory

In disability inquiry, the focus is on: A) Understanding disability from a biological standpoint B) Recognizing the socio-cultural perspectives of individuals with disabilities C) Measuring disability's impact on physical health D) Testing new medical treatments

Answer: B) Recognizing the socio-cultural perspectives of individuals with disabilities

Feminist perspectives in qualitative research typically focus on: A) Empowering men in the workplace B) Understanding women's oppressive situations in society C) The role of race in research D) Testing statistical models of behavior

Answer: B) Understanding women's oppressive situations in society

Racialized discourses in qualitative research often focus on: A) Gender equality B) Knowledge production and control in marginalized communities C) Economic theories D) Quantitative measurements of race

Answer: B) Knowledge production and control in marginalized communities

Queer theory emphasizes the importance of: A) Statistical analysis of gender differences B) Challenging traditional gender norms and highlighting LGBTQ2A+ voices C) Reducing the number of theories used in research D) Focusing on physical disabilities

Answer: B) Challenging traditional gender norms and highlighting LGBTQ2A+ voices

What does critical ethnography emphasize? A) Quantitative data collection B) Emancipation or repression of marginalized groups C) Inductive reasoning from data D) Testing specific hypotheses

Answer: B) Emancipation or repression of marginalized groups

In case study research, the researcher adds to a propositional generalization by including what? A) Statistical tests B) Naturalistic generalizations from their own experiences C) Hypothesis-driven research D) Predefined theoretical models

Answer: B) Naturalistic generalizations from their own experiences

What does the inductive approach in qualitative research typically involve? A) Testing predefined hypotheses B) Moving from detailed data to broader themes or theories C) Focusing solely on numerical data D) Establishing fixed cause-and-effect relationships

Answer: B) Moving from detailed data to broader themes or theories

What is often the endpoint of grounded theory research? A) Data collection only B) The development of a theory grounded in participant data C) Testing a pre-existing theory D) A comprehensive survey report

Answer: B) The development of a theory grounded in participant data

In critical theory, research aims to: A) Maintain the status quo B) Empower individuals and groups to change their social circumstances C) Focus on neutral, unbiased data analysis D) Explore fixed, universal laws of behavior

Answer: B) Empower individuals and groups to change their social circumstances

Postmodern theory often critiques which assumption of traditional research? A) That knowledge can be objective and universal B) That research is primarily about statistical analysis C) That qualitative research has no value D) That data collection should be limited to interviews

Answer: A) That knowledge can be objective and universal

In qualitative research, theory is typically used to: A) Conduct hypothesis testing only B) Guide data collection, analysis, and interpretation C) Ensure statistical accuracy D) Quantify behavioral patterns

Answer: B) Guide data collection, analysis, and interpretation

What distinguishes theory use in mixed methods research compared to qualitative research? A) Theory in mixed methods research is discipline-based or social justice-based B) Theory in qualitative research is quantitative in nature C) Mixed methods research does not use any theory D) Qualitative research relies solely on social justice theories

Answer: A) Theory in mixed methods research is discipline-based or social justice-based

Which of the following is an example of a discipline-based theory used in mixed methods research? A) Feminist theory B) Health promotion theory C) Disability theory D) Racial equity theory

Answer: B) Health promotion theory

What is a discipline-based theory used in mixed methods research typically focused on? A) Advocating for social justice B) Exploring variables, constructs, and explaining results C) Changing societal structures D) Empowering marginalized groups

Answer: B) Exploring variables, constructs, and explaining results

In the Kennett et al. (2008) study on chronic pain management, which theory did they use? A) Feminist theory B) Social capital theory C) Rosenbaum’s theory of self-control D) Disability theory

Answer: C) Rosenbaum’s theory of self-control

In the Kennett et al. (2008) study, what did the authors combine in their mixed methods approach? A) Quantitative and qualitative analyses of pain management B) Statistical models and theoretical assumptions C) Narrative theory and case study D) Control group experiments and ethnographic interviews

Answer: A) Quantitative and qualitative analyses of pain management

What type of theory is often used in social justice-oriented mixed methods research? A) Organizational theory B) Social and behavioral science theory C) Feminist, racial, or disability theory D) Cognitive-behavioral theory

Answer: C) Feminist, racial, or disability theory

The feminist perspective in mixed methods research often focuses on: A) Understanding cognitive-behavioral processes B) Examining power, oppression, and gender inequalities C) Quantifying social behavior D) Studying economic inequalities

Answer: B) Examining power, oppression, and gender inequalities

In Hodgkin’s (2008) study, what social issue was explored using mixed methods? A) Gender differences in social capital B) Chronic pain management C) Health disparities between races D) The role of technology in healthcare

Answer: A) Gender differences in social capital

What framework did Hodgkin (2008) use in her mixed methods study? A) Participatory action research B) Feminist emancipatory framework C) Behavioral health framework D) Economic theory

Answer: B) Feminist emancipatory framework

In a mixed methods study, when is a social justice theory framework typically mentioned? A) At the conclusion of the study B) At the beginning, relating to marginalized communities C) Only in qualitative sections D) After data collection is completed

Answer: B) At the beginning, relating to marginalized communities

What is one characteristic of social justice theory in mixed methods research? A) Focus on neutral, objective analysis B) Highlighting the power dynamics and oppression faced by marginalized communities C) Emphasis on statistical significance D) Avoidance of researcher subjectivity

Answer: B) Highlighting the power dynamics and oppression faced by marginalized communities

Which theory would you likely find in a mixed methods study examining the impact of learned resourcefulness on chronic pain management? A) Attribution theory B) Resource-based theory C) Rosenbaum’s theory of self-control D) Gender theory

Answer: C) Rosenbaum’s theory of self-control

Social justice theory perspectives in mixed methods research typically advocate for: A) Neutrality in research B) Emphasizing researcher objectivity C) Change to support marginalized populations D) The collection of only qualitative data

Answer: C) Change to support marginalized populations

A social justice theory might include which of the following elements in a mixed methods study? A) The use of a quantitative model only B) An explicit mention of the framework in the study design C) A focus solely on control groups D) The exclusion of marginalized voices from data collection

Answer: B) An explicit mention of the framework in the study design

In mixed methods research, what does the transformative paradigm typically emphasize? A) The use of statistical models only B) Changing the research question mid-study C) A worldview focused on addressing inequalities and advocating for marginalized groups D) Testing predetermined hypotheses without modification

Answer: C) A worldview focused on addressing inequalities and advocating for marginalized groups

What is an important feature of a social justice framework in mixed methods research? A) Avoiding any form of advocacy for change B) Researching only with a quantitative approach C) Actively involving the community in the research process D) Conducting research without considering the researcher’s background

Answer: C) Actively involving the community in the research process

How does a social justice theory typically affect the research design? A) It leads to an exclusive focus on quantitative data B) It involves a participatory approach to data collection and analysis C) It prevents the use of theory in the study D) It focuses on personal opinions rather than objective data

Answer: B) It involves a participatory approach to data collection and analysis

In a mixed methods study, how might researchers’ experiences and backgrounds influence the study? A) By having no impact on the data collection B) By shaping how participants and issues are understood C) By focusing solely on data analysis D) By preventing any bias in the research process

Answer: B) By shaping how participants and issues are understood

When concluding a study with a social justice theory framework, what is often the aim? A) To provide recommendations for societal change B) To avoid advocating for any particular stance C) To focus only on academic theory D) To present results without a call to action

Answer: A) To provide recommendations for societal change

In a mixed methods study with a discipline-based theory, what is the primary goal? A) To empower marginalized groups through advocacy B) To collect data purely through qualitative means C) To explain expected results for individuals or organizations using constructs and variables D) To focus only on researcher opinions and experiences

Answer: C) To explain expected results for individuals or organizations using constructs and variables

What is one of the reasons for using a theory in mixed methods research? A) To avoid using both quantitative and qualitative data B) To provide a framework for organizing and reporting data C) To make the research process completely objective D) To ensure the study is only qualitative

Answer: B) To provide a framework for organizing and reporting data

According to Evans et al. (2011), what does theory help to do in a mixed methods study? A) Develop conclusions without data B) Predict what the researcher hopes to learn C) Avoid qualitative data collection D) Only provide qualitative insights

Answer: B) Predict what the researcher hopes to learn

What is one key distinction between a theory and a worldview in research? A) A theory is abstract, while a worldview is concrete B) A theory is drawn from literature and guides research design, while a worldview relates to the beliefs and values of the researcher C) A worldview provides the data collection methods D) A worldview is less abstract than a theory

Answer: B) A theory is drawn from literature and guides research design, while a worldview relates to the beliefs and values of the researcher

Which of the following statements about theories in mixed methods research is true? A) A theory provides a visual model for understanding the direction of a study B) A theory is used only to inform qualitative aspects of the study C) A theory should never be explicitly stated in a study D) A theory only organizes the data analysis phase

Answer: A) A theory provides a visual model for understanding the direction of a study

Which of the following is true about worldviews in the research process? A) Worldviews are always explicitly stated in studies B) Worldviews inform how a researcher understands and interprets the study C) Worldviews operate at a very concrete level of the research design D) Worldviews are used to draw variables for the study

Answer: B) Worldviews inform how a researcher understands and interprets the study

ccording to Morse and Niehaus (2009), mixed methods studies are: A) Theoretically driven, with one emphasis on either quantitative or qualitative research B) Based purely on qualitative methods C) Theoretically neutral D) Strictly focused on quantitative analysis

Answer: A) Theoretically driven, with one emphasis on either quantitative or qualitative research

What term do some mixed methods researchers use to describe studies that prioritize one type of research, either quantitative or qualitative? A) Theoretically neutral studies B) Theoretically driven studies C) Quantitative studies D) Categorical research studies

Answer: B) Theoretically driven studies

What does theory help to link in mixed methods research? A) Methods and participants B) Data collection methods only C) Concepts and ideas, often in a temporal order D) Researcher's personal biases and the results

Answer: C) Concepts and ideas, often in a temporal order

In the Evans et al. (2011) study, which theory was incorporated into their mixed methods research? A) Life Course Perspective toward caregiving by Mexican Americans B) Feminist theory C) Behavioral health theory D) Social capital theory

Answer: A) Life Course Perspective toward caregiving by Mexican Americans

How was theory visualized in the Evans et al. (2011) study? A) Through quantitative charts only B) Through a model showing the life course perspective trajectory on caregiving C) Through interviews with participants D) Through a diagram of the qualitative coding process

Answer: B) Through a model showing the life course perspective trajectory on caregiving

What role did constructs from the theory play in the Evans et al. (2011) study? A) They were used to inform data analysis only B) They were used to recruit participants and guide the study aims C) They helped develop the researcher's worldview D) They provided a framework for literature review alone

Answer: B) They were used to recruit participants and guide the study aims

How did the theory constructs inform the qualitative data analysis in the study by Evans et al.? A) They provided starter codes and themes for analysis B) They focused only on demographic data C) They were not used for qualitative analysis D) They informed only the participant recruitment process

Answer: A) They provided starter codes and themes for analysis

What is a potential challenge with naming a "driven" orientation (e.g., quantitative or qualitative) to theory in mixed methods research? A) It leads to power imbalance between quantitative and qualitative research B) It helps eliminate researcher bias C) It guarantees equal importance to both research forms D) It leads to less data collection

Answer: A) It leads to power imbalance between quantitative and qualitative research

What is congruency between quantitative and qualitative data in a mixed methods study? A) Both forms of data do not need to relate to each other B) The data from each method are integrated and aligned with the theory C) It focuses on only one method’s data D) The theory is not relevant in determining data congruency

Answer: B) The data from each method are integrated and aligned with the theory

In mixed methods research, how should theory be integrated into the design discussion? A) Theory should not be mentioned in the design phase B) Theory should be described explicitly, showing its role in both quantitative and qualitative components C) Theory should be used only for qualitative data collection D) Theory should only influence the conclusion

Answer: B) Theory should be described explicitly, showing its role in both quantitative and qualitative components

What is the advantage of incorporating theory into a mixed methods study? A) It makes the study more abstract B) It helps ensure that both quantitative and qualitative data work together C) It limits the scope of the study D) It forces researchers to avoid using qualitative methods

Answer: B) It helps ensure that both quantitative and qualitative data work together

What is the role of a visual model in a mixed methods study? A) To only visualize qualitative data B) To provide a clear representation of how theory informs the study design C) To collect data in a quantitative way D) To avoid theory-based interpretation of the data

Answer: B) To provide a clear representation of how theory informs the study design

What is the main purpose of a starter code in qualitative data analysis? A) To identify themes and categorize data according to theory B) To eliminate qualitative data C) To focus only on statistical analysis D) To ignore theory in the analysis

Answer: A) To identify themes and categorize data according to theory

In the Evans et al. (2011) study, how did theory contribute to the quantitative analysis? A) By providing hypotheses and relationships to test B) By eliminating the need for data collection C) By focusing on qualitative interviews only D) By providing no guidance to the analysis

Answer: A) By providing hypotheses and relationships to test

Why is it important to use theory in mixed methods research? A) It makes the research process completely objective B) It provides a foundation for understanding both quantitative and qualitative data C) It limits the scope of the study to only one method D) It ensures no bias in data collection

Answer: B) It provides a foundation for understanding both quantitative and qualitative data

Chapter 3: The Use of Theory Flashcards

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