Chapter 2: Review of the Literature Flashcards
(220 cards)
1
Q
What is the first step in conducting research, according to the chapter?
A) Drafting a title
B) Selecting a topic
C) Reviewing the literature
D) Designing the methodology
A
Answer: B) Selecting a topic
2
Q
What does a working or draft title provide in research?
A) A research hypothesis
B) A roadmap for data analysis
C) A central focus and orientation
D) A theoretical framework
A
Answer: C) A central focus and orientation
3
Q
What is a key characteristic of a good research title?
A) Complex and erudite language
B) Long and detailed explanations
C) Clear and easy-to-understand language
D) Abstract and conceptual wording
A
Answer: C) Clear and easy-to-understand language
4
Q
How many words should a research title ideally be?
A) 3-5 words
B) 5-8 words
C) 10-12 words
D) 15-20 words
A
Answer: C) 10-12 words
5
Q
What is a recommended approach for writing a research title?
A) Use phrases like “An Approach to . . .” or “A Study of . . .”
B) Use a single title or a double title
C) Use a complex and theoretical title
D) Avoid using the focus or topic of the study
A
Answer: B) Use a single title or a double title
6
Q
What should a researcher focus on when posing their research topic as a question?
A) Personal opinions
B) The research methodology
C) The key topic of the study
D) Statistical analysis methods
A
Answer: C) The key topic of the study
7
Q
What does posing the research topic as a question help with?
A) Defining the theoretical framework
B) Developing the research methodology
C) Focusing the study and refining the topic
D) Writing the conclusion
A
Answer: C) Focusing the study and refining the topic
8
Q
What is one of the primary considerations when evaluating the significance of a research topic?
A) Whether the topic has enough available data
B) Whether the topic contributes to the existing body of research
C) Whether the researcher has personal experience with the topic
D) Whether the researcher can secure funding for the study
A
Answer: B) Whether the topic contributes to the existing body of research
9
Q
Which of the following is NOT mentioned as a reason for conducting a research study?
A) Replicating past studies
B) Addressing social justice
C) Gaining popularity among peers
D) Transforming beliefs and ideas
A
Answer: C) Gaining popularity among peers
10
Q
Before proceeding with a research proposal or study, a researcher should:
A) Publish the study
B) Write a detailed introduction
C) Evaluate the significance of the topic
D) Begin collecting data
A
Answer: C) Evaluate the significance of the topic
11
Q
What can contribute to the literature in a research study?
A) Replicating studies without modifications
B) Conducting research with familiar methods
C) Providing a new perspective or angle
D) Using outdated data
A
Answer: C) Providing a new perspective or angle
12
Q
Which of the following is an example of a “new angle” in research?
A) Using a popular method for data collection
B) Studying an unusual group of participants
C) Studying a commonly known location
D) Repeating a past study with no changes
A
Answer: B) Studying an unusual group of participants
13
Q
What might help a researcher decide whether a topic is worth studying?
A) The researcher’s personal interests
B) Whether there is funding for the topic
C) The topic’s regional or national appeal
D) The length of time the study will take
A
Answer: C) The topic’s regional or national appeal
14
Q
How can a researcher ensure their study contributes to the existing body of research?
A) By repeating a study exactly as it was done before
B) By avoiding controversial topics
C) By adding new insights, perspectives, or data
D) By using only secondary sources
A
Answer: C) By adding new insights, perspectives, or data
15
Q
What might be a reason to study a timely topic?
A) The topic is currently trending in the media
B) The topic has already been extensively researched
C) The researcher has prior personal knowledge
D) The topic aligns with the researcher’s career goals
A
Answer: A) The topic is currently trending in the media
16
Q
What is a “literature map” used for?
A) Organizing and visualizing the information gathered in a literature review
B) Structuring the methodology for the research
C) Presenting the data analysis
D) Writing the research conclusion
A
Answer: A) Organizing and visualizing the information gathered in a literature review
17
Q
What is a significant factor in determining the “should” of studying a research topic?
A) The amount of available funding
B) The researcher’s academic background
C) Whether the topic can add to the pool of research knowledge
D) The researcher’s popularity within the field
A
Answer: C) Whether the topic can add to the pool of research knowledge
18
Q
What is one factor that can influence whether a research topic is significant?
A) The size of the research sample
B) The availability of research tools
C) The degree to which the topic addresses social justice
D) The number of articles published on the topic
A
Answer: C) The degree to which the topic addresses social justice
19
Q
How should a researcher assess the potential significance of a topic?
A) By focusing on the length of the research
B) By reviewing existing research on the topic
C) By considering how easy it is to find participants
D) By determining the cost of the research
A
Answer: B) By reviewing existing research on the topic
20
Q
What is one of the practical considerations for a researcher when selecting a topic?
A) The potential for future funding opportunities
B) The ease of publishing results
C) The availability of resources to collect and analyze data
D) The popularity of the topic in current academic journals
A
Answer: C) The availability of resources to collect and analyze data
21
Q
What might be an example of a research topic with a broad national appeal?
A) The effectiveness of a local community outreach program
B) The impact of rural education initiatives on national academic standards
C) The history of a small-town festival
D) The psychological impact of a regional sports team
A
Answer: B) The impact of rural education initiatives on national academic standards
22
Q
What is one characteristic of a strong research topic?
A) It is highly specialized with a narrow focus
B) It is easily comprehended by a wide audience
C) It requires minimal literature review
D) It is primarily based on personal experiences
A
Answer: B) It is easily comprehended by a wide audience
23
Q
What is the purpose of drafting a research title early in the research process?
A) To guide the researcher’s writing style
B) To create an orienting device for the study
C) To ensure the study is completed quickly
D) To finalize the study’s methodology
A
Answer: B) To create an orienting device for the study
24
Q
What should a researcher avoid when writing a research title?
A) Clear and descriptive language
B) Unnecessary words like “An Approach to . . .”
C) Words that reflect the central research question
D) Concise titles of 10-12 words
A
Answer: B) Unnecessary words like “An Approach to . . .”
25
What is one benefit of conducting research that addresses underrepresented groups?
A) It ensures more participants in the study
B) It helps increase funding opportunities
C) It adds diversity to the literature and promotes social justice
D) It simplifies data analysis
Answer: C) It adds diversity to the literature and promotes social justice
26
How should a researcher refine their research question?
A) By making it as broad as possible
B) By focusing on an issue of personal interest
C) By making it simple, clear, and focused on the key topic
D) By including complex statistical terms
Answer: C) By making it simple, clear, and focused on the key topic
27
What is one of the purposes of a literature review in a research study?
A) To generate hypotheses
B) To present the final results of the research
C) To provide a context for the research and identify gaps
D) To collect data for analysis
Answer: C) To provide a context for the research and identify gaps
28
What should a researcher do after drafting a research topic and title?
A) Begin collecting data immediately
B) Assess the feasibility and significance of the topic
C) Write the conclusion of the study
D) Submit the topic to a journal for review
Answer: B) Assess the feasibility and significance of the topic
29
Which of the following is a suggested way to clarify and focus a research topic?
A) Draft a detailed methodology
B) Pose the topic as a clear and concise question
C) Write an abstract for the final paper
D) Start collecting data from participants
Answer: B) Pose the topic as a clear and concise question
30
What is an example of a study contributing a new perspective to the literature?
A) Replicating an earlier study in the same environment
B) Conducting research with a well-established methodology
C) Studying an unusual location or group of participants
D) Reviewing existing literature without adding new insights
Answer: C) Studying an unusual location or group of participants
31
What is the primary purpose of a literature review in research?
A) To describe the research methodology
B) To review and discuss previous studies relevant to the research topic
C) To present the results of the study
D) To discuss data collection methods
Answer: B) To review and discuss previous studies relevant to the research topic
32
In which of the following ways does a literature review contribute to a research study?
A) It provides a detailed explanation of the study's data analysis
B) It offers a framework for understanding the research problem and connects the study to existing knowledge
C) It defines the variables of the study
D) It presents the final conclusions of the study
Answer: B) It offers a framework for understanding the research problem and connects the study to existing knowledge
33
How should researchers shape the literature review in a research proposal?
A) By including personal opinions
B) By using literature only from the researcher’s own institution
C) By summarizing major studies addressing the research problem
D) By focusing on data collection techniques
Answer: C) By summarizing major studies addressing the research problem
34
In a research proposal, how much detail is typically required for the literature review?
A) A fully developed and comprehensive review
B) A brief summary of major studies
C) No literature review is needed
D) An abstract of existing studies
Answer: B) A brief summary of major studies
35
What form does the literature review typically take in a journal article?
A) A full chapter at the end of the article
B) An abbreviated form in a section titled “Related Literature”
C) A personal reflection on the topic
D) A detailed explanation of the research methods
Answer: B) An abbreviated form in a section titled “Related Literature”
36
In qualitative research, how is the literature review usually used?
A) To set the stage for the research by introducing the theoretical framework early on
B) To provide detailed statistical analysis
C) To develop a hypothesis based on existing literature
D) To summarize the results of data analysis
Answer: A) To set the stage for the research by introducing the theoretical framework early on
37
In which type of qualitative study is the literature review less often used to set the stage for the research?
A) Ethnography
B) Grounded theory
C) Phenomenological studies
D) Case studies
Answer: B) Grounded theory
38
Where can the literature review appear in a qualitative study?
A) At the beginning to frame the problem
B) As a separate chapter in the middle of the study
C) At the end to compare findings
D) All of the above
Answer: D) All of the above
39
In qualitative research, why might a researcher use literature sparingly at the beginning of the study?
A) To maintain an inductive design focused on learning from participants
B) To avoid bias from existing theories
C) To focus on statistical analysis
D) To fill gaps in the research
Answer: A) To maintain an inductive design focused on learning from participants
40
In a quantitative research project, where is the literature review typically placed?
A) At the beginning to introduce the research problem and theory
B) In the conclusion to discuss results
C) In the methods section to describe data collection
D) At the end to compare results
Answer: A) At the beginning to introduce the research problem and theory
41
What is the structure of a typical quantitative literature review?
A) An introduction, a review of independent variables, a review of dependent variables, a review of studies connecting the variables, and a summary
B) A hypothesis, statistical tests, and a discussion of results
C) A review of the theory and research questions
D) A summary of findings without reference to variables
Answer: A) An introduction, a review of independent variables, a review of dependent variables, a review of studies connecting the variables, and a summary
42
What is reviewed in Topic 1 of a quantitative literature review?
A) The independent variables
B) The dependent variables
C) The central issues in the field
D) The research question
Answer: A) The independent variables
43
What is the focus of Topic 2 in a quantitative literature review?
A) The relationship between independent and dependent variables
B) The dependent variables or outcomes studied
C) The statistical techniques used
D) The researcher’s personal background
Answer: B) The dependent variables or outcomes studied
44
What should the Topic 3 section of a quantitative literature review address?
A) Literature related to both the independent and dependent variables
B) The theoretical framework used in the study
C) A summary of methods used in previous studies
D) The data analysis techniques
Answer: A) Literature related to both the independent and dependent variables
45
In a quantitative study, what is the final section of the literature review typically?
A) A summary that captures major themes and suggests areas for further research
B) A detailed statistical analysis of previous studies
C) A description of the methods used
D) A personal reflection on the research process
Answer: A) A summary that captures major themes and suggests areas for further research
46
What is the main purpose of using literature in a quantitative study?
A) To inductively gather data from participants
B) To support the hypothesis and theory underlying the research
C) To provide an ethnographic perspective
D) To introduce a grounded theory
Answer: B) To support the hypothesis and theory underlying the research
47
In a mixed methods study, how is the literature used?
A) It is always the same for both the qualitative and quantitative phases
B) It follows the strategy used in the study, either qualitative or quantitative
C) It is only used at the end of the study
D) It is not included in mixed methods studies
Answer: B) It follows the strategy used in the study, either qualitative or quantitative
48
When the mixed methods study starts with a quantitative phase, how is the literature typically used?
A) It is minimal and inductive
B) It is used extensively to establish a rationale for the research questions or hypotheses
C) It is used only in the conclusion
D) It is included sporadically throughout the study
Answer: B) It is used extensively to establish a rationale for the research questions or hypotheses
49
When a mixed methods study begins with a qualitative phase, how is the literature typically used?
A) It is used at the end to inductively compare with findings
B) It is used equally throughout the study
C) It is used primarily to build hypotheses
D) It is ignored until the conclusion
Answer: A) It is used at the end to inductively compare with findings
50
What type of literature review model is used for a mixed methods study with equal emphasis on both qualitative and quantitative data?
A) A hybrid structure that combines both approaches
B) A purely qualitative literature review
C) A purely quantitative literature review
D) An unrelated, general review
Answer: A) A hybrid structure that combines both approaches
51
What is the goal of reviewing literature in a mixed methods study?
A) To develop a single theory that explains the research results
B) To provide insight into both qualitative and quantitative phases depending on the approach used
C) To determine statistical significance
D) To complete the final chapter of the study
Answer: B) To provide insight into both qualitative and quantitative phases depending on the approach used
52
What is a key characteristic of a literature review in qualitative research?
A) It is always comprehensive and covers all aspects of the topic
B) It is typically brief and focused on the research problem
C) It uses literature to support a theory or hypothesis
D) It only addresses methodological issues
Answer: B) It is typically brief and focused on the research problem
53
What is the role of a literature review in framing a qualitative research problem?
A) It defines the hypothesis to be tested
B) It serves as a theoretical framework for analyzing data
C) It introduces statistical models for analysis
D) It provides a background to justify the need for the study
Answer: D) It provides a background to justify the need for the study
54
How might a literature review in qualitative research be organized?
A) By focusing solely on the research problem
B) By detailing each participant's background
C) By reviewing literature on related phenomena and theories
D) By presenting a statistical analysis of related research
Answer: C) By reviewing literature on related phenomena and theories
55
In quantitative research, what role does the literature review play in shaping the research questions?
A) It serves to inspire hypotheses based on previous studies
B) It provides a philosophical foundation for the research
C) It defines how participants will be selected
D) It introduces a qualitative approach to the study
Answer: A) It serves to inspire hypotheses based on previous studies
56
What should a quantitative literature review include when discussing the relationship between independent and dependent variables?
A) A summary of participant demographics
B) A detailed description of the research methodology
C) Scholarly studies that link the variables under investigation
D) An analysis of the researchers' personal biases
Answer: C) Scholarly studies that link the variables under
57
What is a major benefit of integrating previous studies into a literature review for a qualitative study?
A) It tests hypotheses formed during the study
B) It provides a conceptual framework to guide the analysis of the data
C) It only summarizes participant demographics
D) It eliminates the need for data collection
Answer: B) It provides a conceptual framework to guide the analysis of the data
58
In a quantitative study, how should a literature review related to the independent variables be structured?
A) By discussing only the dependent variables in detail
B) By reviewing studies that focus solely on the independent variables
C) By summarizing methods and results without focusing on variables
D) By including only qualitative studies
Answer: B) By reviewing studies that focus solely on the independent variables
59
What is the purpose of a "Related Literature" section in a quantitative research article?
A) To discuss the data analysis techniques used in the study
B) To review existing literature that informs the study's hypotheses or research questions
C) To describe the researcher's methodology
D) To summarize participant feedback
Answer: B) To review existing literature that informs the study's hypotheses or research questions
60
How does the literature review in a mixed methods study typically differ when the study uses an equal weight approach?
A) It only includes qualitative literature at the beginning and quantitative at the end
B) The review follows a hybrid structure that blends both qualitative and quantitative literature based on the design
C) The review avoids using any literature until the final phase of the study
D) It focuses solely on quantitative data and theory
Answer: B) The review follows a hybrid structure that blends both qualitative and quantitative literature based on the design
61
What should the researcher do if the literature review for a qualitative study reveals that the topic is not well researched?
A) Shift to a purely quantitative approach
B) Use the literature review to justify why an inductive and exploratory study is needed
C) Ignore the gaps in the literature
D) Change the research question to match existing studies
Answer: B) Use the literature review to justify why an inductive and exploratory study is needed
62
In which of the following types of qualitative research is literature typically less emphasized at the outset of the study?
A) Phenomenology
B) Case study
C) Ethnography
D) Grounded theory
Answer: D) Grounded theory
63
What is the primary role of the literature review in a mixed methods study with a sequential design?
A) To introduce both the qualitative and quantitative phases in the middle of the study
B) To review literature separately for the qualitative and quantitative phases, according to the phase being used
C) To offer a final synthesis of qualitative and quantitative data in the conclusion
D) To only use qualitative literature until the study concludes
Answer: B) To review literature separately for the qualitative and quantitative phases, according to the phase being used
64
In a mixed methods study, how does the literature review change if the qualitative phase comes first?
A) The review is longer and more comprehensive
B) The review is inductive and less extensive, appearing mainly at the end of the study
C) The review is written in a deductive style, similar to quantitative studies
D) The review only focuses on the quantitative phase
Answer: B) The review is inductive and less extensive, appearing mainly at the end of the study
65
How can the literature review help in identifying a research gap?
A) By suggesting that no further research is necessary on the topic
B) By analyzing the methods used in previous studies
C) By highlighting areas where little or no research has been conducted
D) By providing final conclusions for the study
Answer: C) By highlighting areas where little or no research has been conducted
66
Why should the literature review in a proposal be brief and focused on major studies?
A) Because the study is still in its early stages and may change significantly
B) To avoid overwhelming the reader with too much information
C) To eliminate the need for additional research
D) To strictly adhere to the personal preferences of the researcher
Answer: A) Because the study is still in its early stages and may change significantly
67
In a quantitative research article, how is the literature review typically organized?
A) By focusing on the results of the current study
B) By presenting the findings of all studies in chronological order
C) By reviewing literature according to the independent and dependent variables studied
D) By following an inductive approach based on participant feedback
Answer: C) By reviewing literature according to the independent and dependent variables studied
68
What is one of the primary goals of a literature review in a dissertation or thesis?
A) To discuss personal opinions on the research topic
B) To examine the relationship between the study's variables and existing research
C) To present original data collected by the researcher
D) To focus solely on the methods used in the study
Answer: B) To examine the relationship between the study's variables and existing research
69
When is it appropriate to present the literature review in a mixed methods study?
A) Only at the end of the study
B) At different points based on the phase of the study (qualitative or quantitative)
C) At the beginning and end of the study, without considering the design
D) Only after data collection is complete
Answer: B) At different points based on the phase of the study (qualitative or quantitative)
70
In a qualitative study, which of the following models could a researcher use for presenting the literature review?
A) Present the literature only in the conclusion
B) Present the literature in a separate chapter, following the research design section
C) Place the literature in the introduction to justify the research problem
D) Use literature as a substitute for data collection
Answer: C) Place the literature in the introduction to justify the research problem
71
What is a key difference between literature reviews in qualitative and quantitative research?
A) Quantitative literature reviews are always longer and more detailed
B) Qualitative reviews tend to explore theories, whereas quantitative reviews focus on variables and relationships
C) Qualitative reviews are strictly inductive, while quantitative reviews only follow deductive reasoning
D) There is no difference in how literature reviews are presented
Answer: B) Qualitative reviews tend to explore theories, whereas quantitative reviews focus on variables and relationships
72
How is a mixed methods literature review presented when there is an equal emphasis on both qualitative and quantitative data?
A) It combines both qualitative and quantitative studies, considering the weight and approach of each phase
B) It focuses entirely on qualitative literature
C) It emphasizes quantitative research over qualitative research
D) It eliminates any review of data collection methods
Answer: A) It combines both qualitative and quantitative studies, considering the weight and approach of each phase
73
In a dissertation or thesis, how does the literature review contribute to the development of research questions or hypotheses?
A) It completely defines the research questions and hypotheses
B) It provides a theoretical framework that informs the development of questions or hypotheses
C) It ignores previous studies and introduces new questions
D) It does not influence the development of research questions
Answer: B) It provides a theoretical framework that informs the development of questions or hypotheses
74
What is the typical structure of a literature review in a mixed methods study with a sequential design?
A) A detailed discussion of one phase of the study only
B) A review that is based on the phase of the study being conducted (qualitative or quantitative)
C) A brief summary of previous research with no detailed analysis
D) A review that focuses on literature unrelated to the research question
Answer: B) A review that is based on the phase of the study being conducted (qualitative or quantitative)
75
When comparing findings with the literature in a quantitative study, when should this occur?
A) In the introduction to set the stage for the research
B) At the end of the study to compare results with existing findings
C) During the methods section to define the methodology
D) In the middle of the study to adjust the research design
Answer: B) At the end of the study to compare results with existing findings
76
What is the purpose of a theoretical framework in a quantitative literature review?
A) To justify the choice of data collection methods
B) To explain the expected relationships between variables
C) To summarize the results of a qualitative phase of the study
D) To provide a personal reflection on the research
Answer: B) To explain the expected relationships between variables
77
In a qualitative study, when should the literature review be used sparingly?
A) At the beginning to support a theory
B) At the end to summarize findings
C) At the beginning to maintain an inductive design
D) In the middle to clarify the research problem
Answer: C) At the beginning to maintain an inductive design
78
In a mixed methods study, when is it appropriate to use a quantitative approach for the literature review?
A) When the research is entirely qualitative
B) In the initial phases if the study begins with a quantitative approach
C) Only when comparing findings at the end of the study
D) After completing the qualitative phase
Answer: B) In the initial phases if the study begins with a quantitative approach
79
What should the researcher keep in mind when deciding where to place the literature review in a qualitative study?
A) The placement should align with the purpose of the study and the audience's expectations
B) It should always appear at the end of the study
C) The literature should be the focus of the research, not data collection
D) The literature review should only appear in the introduction
Answer: A) The placement should align with the purpose of the study and the audience's expectations
80
Why should researchers consider the audience when structuring the literature review in a mixed methods study?
A) Different audiences may expect different types of literature organization based on the study design
B) The audience should provide feedback on the literature used
C) The audience dictates the methodology of the study
D) There is no need to consider the audience for a literature review
Answer: A) Different audiences may expect different types of literature organization based on the study design
81
How should a researcher approach a literature review if their study focuses on a highly theoretical topic in a qualitative study?
A) Avoid using any literature to maintain objectivity
B) Integrate theoretical concepts early in the review to create an orienting framework
C) Include literature only at the end of the study to avoid bias
D) Use literature exclusively from qualitative studies
Answer: B) Integrate theoretical concepts early in the review to create an orienting framework
82
What is a key feature of a literature review in qualitative research?
A) It must include a detailed statistical analysis
B) It is generally inductive and focuses on exploring the research topic
C) It primarily tests hypotheses from the literature
D) It always includes a comparison of multiple research methods
Answer: B) It is generally inductive and focuses on exploring the research topic
83
What is the purpose of a literature map in the literature review process?
A) To help identify gaps in the literature
B) To organize and visualize the relationships between key concepts and studies
C) To summarize data collection methods
D) To present raw data from studies
Answer: B) To organize and visualize the relationships between key concepts and studies
84
When should the literature review in a qualitative study be used sparingly?
A) When developing the research hypothesis
B) At the beginning of the study to maintain an inductive approach
C) In the middle of the study to refine methods
D) When the research is heavily quantitative in nature
Answer: B) At the beginning of the study to maintain an inductive approach
85
What type of research typically places the literature review in a separate chapter?
A) Grounded theory research
B) Quantitative research
C) Ethnography
D) Case study research
Answer: B) Quantitative research
86
In a quantitative literature review, which of the following is typically emphasized?
A) The exploration of untested hypotheses
B) A theoretical framework that predicts relationships between variables
C) The researcher’s personal reflection on the topic
D) The methodology used by previous researchers
Answer: B) A theoretical framework that predicts relationships between variables
87
What is an essential characteristic of the literature review in a mixed methods study with an equal weight design?
A) The literature is only qualitative or quantitative, never both
B) It blends qualitative and quantitative approaches based on the predominant research phase
C) It avoids using existing literature to focus on original data collection
D) The literature review only appears at the end of the study
Answer: B) It blends qualitative and quantitative approaches based on the predominant research phase
88
Why is it important for a literature review to highlight gaps in existing research?
A) To justify the need for the proposed study and highlight its significance
B) To criticize previous researchers' findings
C) To avoid having to conduct original research
D) To focus only on well-established findings
Answer: A) To justify the need for the proposed study and highlight its significance
89
In a qualitative study, which type of literature is most likely to be introduced early in the report or proposal?
A) Studies on specific data collection methods
B) Literature relating to the study’s cultural concept or theoretical framework
C) Literature unrelated to the research topic
D) Literature summarizing previous research findings
Answer: B) Literature relating to the study’s cultural concept or theoretical framework
90
What is a common feature of a literature review in a quantitative study?
A) It often includes an inductive approach to building theory
B) It compares findings from multiple qualitative studies
C) It is used to introduce a theory and inform the research questions or hypotheses
D) It avoids reference to the researcher's hypothesis
Answer: C) It is used to introduce a theory and inform the research questions or hypotheses
91
What is the first step in conducting a literature review?
A) Search for relevant journal articles
B) Identify key words to search for literature
C) Summarize the literature
D) Draft the final literature review
Answer: B) Identify key words to search for literature
92
How should key words be chosen for a literature review?
A) Based on the researcher’s preferences
B) From preliminary readings and the broad topic
C) From previously published reviews only
D) By searching the internet
Answer: B) From preliminary readings and the broad topic
93
What is the primary use of key words in the literature review process?
A) To write the final literature review
B) To narrow down the focus of the search and locate relevant literature
C) To format the citations correctly
D) To organize the research methodology
Answer: B) To narrow down the focus of the search and locate relevant literature
94
What databases are typically used to locate literature for a review?
A) Social media platforms
B) Google Scholar, ERIC, JSTOR, ProQuest
C) Websites of publishing houses
D) Wikipedia
Answer: B) Google Scholar, ERIC, JSTOR, ProQuest
95
How many research reports should a researcher aim to locate in the initial stages of their search?
A) About 10 reports
B) About 100 reports
C) About 50 reports
D) About 25 reports
Answer: C) About 50 reports
96
What is the primary goal of skimming the initial group of articles or books in the literature review process?
A) To write detailed summaries of all articles
B) To determine whether the articles or books contribute meaningfully to the research
C) To analyze the methodology used in each study
D) To check for grammar and formatting errors
Answer: B) To determine whether the articles or books contribute meaningfully to the research
97
What is a literature map used for in the literature review process?
A) To summarize each article in a table
B) To organize the research findings by date of publication
C) To visually organize how different articles relate to the research topic
D) To compare research methodologies used across studies
Answer: C) To visually organize how different articles relate to the research topic
98
What should be done as you begin designing the literature map?
A) Create a list of all the authors mentioned in the literature
B) Draft summaries of the most relevant articles
C) Write the final conclusion of the literature review
D) Collect data for the methods section
Answer: B) Draft summaries of the most relevant articles
99
Which style guide is recommended for citing references in a literature review?
A) Chicago Manual of Style
B) American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual
C) Modern Language Association (MLA) Handbook
D) Harvard Referencing Guide
Answer: B) American Psychological Association (APA) Publication Manual
100
After summarizing the literature, how should the review be structured?
A) By the order in which articles were read
B) By the publication date of the articles
C) Thematically or by important concepts
D) By the length of the articles
Answer: C) Thematically or by important concepts
101
What should be included at the end of the literature review?
A) A discussion on the research methods used in each article
B) A summary of the major themes and how the study adds to the literature
C) A list of all articles included in the review
D) A detailed critique of the research methods of each article
Answer: B) A summary of the major themes and how the study adds to the literature
102
How does the researcher demonstrate how their study adds to the existing literature in the literature review?
A) By critiquing all the articles in detail
B) By pointing out deficiencies in the past literature and addressing a gap
C) By simply listing the research methods used
D) By citing only the most recent articles
Answer: B) By pointing out deficiencies in the past literature and addressing a gap
103
What is a potential critique that can be made in the literature review?
A) The conclusions of each article are incorrect
B) The study sample size is too large
C) There are deficiencies or issues with the methods used in past literature
D) The research methods should be identical to the current study
Answer: C) There are deficiencies or issues with the methods used in past literature
104
What should the researcher do after summarizing the literature and completing the literature review?
A) Move directly to the data analysis section
B) Begin drafting the introduction for the proposal
C) Ensure the review is organized in a way that informs the methods section
D) Write the conclusion of the study
Answer: C) Ensure the review is organized in a way that informs the methods section
105
What is one of the key purposes of conducting a literature review?
A) To collect data for the study
B) To show the researcher’s ability to critique studies
C) To identify gaps in the literature and position the current study within that gap
D) To write the final conclusions of the study
Answer: C) To identify gaps in the literature and position the current study within that gap
106
Why is it important to include references using an appropriate style guide?
A) To make the literature review look more professional
B) To meet the formatting requirements of the publisher
C) To ensure accuracy and consistency in citing sources
D) To make the literature review appear longer
Answer: C) To ensure accuracy and consistency in citing sources
107
When can a researcher stop searching for literature?
A) Once they have found the first relevant article
B) When they have located enough articles to support their research question
C) When the research study begins
D) When they have 100 articles to summarize
Answer: B) When they have located enough articles to support their research question
108
What type of articles should be prioritized when searching for literature?
A) Opinion pieces and editorials
B) Journal articles and books
C) Research studies that are difficult to find
D) Articles that are easy to summarize
Answer: B) Journal articles and books
109
What should the researcher do once they have identified the most relevant literature?
A) Write the final draft of the research proposal
B) Start analyzing data immediately
C) Draft summaries of each article and compile them into the literature review
D) Request more articles from the library
Answer: C) Draft summaries of each article and compile them into the literature review
110
How should the researcher approach the literature review process?
A) As a one-time task that is completed at the end of the study
B) As an iterative process of searching, evaluating, and summarizing
C) As a way to simply list all articles read
D) As a task to be completed by other researchers
Answer: B) As an iterative process of searching, evaluating, and summarizing
111
What is the primary purpose of a literature search?
A) To write the final research paper
B) To collect and evaluate relevant literature for a research topic
C) To conduct original research
D) To summarize personal experiences
Answer: B) To collect and evaluate relevant literature for a research topic
112
Where are major academic databases typically found?
A) On social media platforms
B) In personal blogs
C) At academic libraries of major universities
D) On local community websites
Answer: C) At academic libraries of major universities
113
Which of the following is a free online database for accessing educational research?
A) ProQuest
B) ERIC
C) Scopus
D) PsycINFO
Answer: B) ERIC
114
What is the purpose of ERIC (Educational Resources Information Center)?
A) To provide access to medical research
B) To index articles related to education and related fields
C) To offer peer-reviewed literature in psychology
D) To store scientific journals for physical libraries
Answer: B) To index articles related to education and related fields
115
Which of the following databases is known for having a large collection of peer-reviewed articles across many disciplines?
A) ProQuest
B) PubMed
C) Google Scholar
D) EBSCO
Answer: C) Google Scholar
116
What is PubMed primarily used for?
A) Accessing articles in social sciences
B) Searching for biomedical articles in health sciences
C) Looking up general academic articles
D) Finding dissertations and theses
Answer: B) Searching for biomedical articles in health sciences
117
Which of the following is a paid database that is widely used for comprehensive academic research?
A) Scopus
B) PubMed
C) ERIC
D) Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)
Answer: A) Scopus
118
What is the Directory of Open Access Journals (DOAJ)?
A) A library database that requires a subscription
B) A free database containing open-access scholarly articles
C) A database focused only on psychology
D) A tool for searching for books and novels
Answer: B) A free database containing open-access scholarly articles
119
Which of these is a good strategy when conducting a literature search?
A) Use only one database
B) Use only articles published in the last year
C) Search multiple databases and use available thesauri
D) Only look for articles that confirm your research hypothesis
Answer: C) Search multiple databases and use available thesauri
120
What is the role of the "Thesaurus of ERIC Descriptors"?
A) To summarize entire articles
B) To provide a list of search terms and descriptors for searching in ERIC
C) To publish full-text articles
D) To guide the writing of abstracts
Answer: B) To provide a list of search terms and descriptors for searching in ERIC
121
When reviewing literature, what should be prioritized to save time?
A) Search the most obscure databases
B) Focus first on broad syntheses of literature
C) Review only books and ignore journal articles
D) Avoid reviewing conference papers
Answer: B) Focus first on broad syntheses of literature
122
In a literature search, what type of literature is generally reviewed first?
A) Books and monographs
B) Journal articles and research studies
C) Web articles and blog posts
D) Newspapers and magazines
Answer: B) Journal articles and research studies
123
What type of literature should be used when researching a topic for the first time?
A) Detailed theoretical papers
B) Broad syntheses such as encyclopedias and summaries of literature
C) Conference papers from major international conferences
D) Only books written in the last year
Answer: B) Broad syntheses such as encyclopedias and summaries of literature
124
Which type of publication is considered a high-priority source of information in the literature review process?
A) Personal blogs
B) Peer-reviewed journal articles
C) Social media posts
D) Conference advertisements
Answer: B) Peer-reviewed journal articles
125
What is a characteristic of high-quality books to include in a literature review?
A) Published in the last 20 years
B) Published by a well-known and reputable publisher
C) Published on personal websites
D) Published by self-publishing companies
Answer: B) Published by a well-known and reputable publisher
126
How can a researcher evaluate the quality of a journal?
A) By the length of the article
B) By whether it is open access
C) By checking if the journal is nationally refereed and has an editorial board
D) By checking the number of articles it publishes per year
Answer: C) By checking if the journal is nationally refereed and has an editorial board
127
Why should researchers prioritize journals with a refereed editorial board?
A) They offer free access to articles
B) They ensure that articles have undergone a rigorous review process
C) They provide large print versions of articles
D) They publish articles more quickly
Answer: B) They ensure that articles have undergone a rigorous review process
128
What is one of the key tasks when reviewing literature for inclusion in a proposal or study?
A) Write a detailed critique of each article
B) Include only studies that support your own research
C) Evaluate the quality of the literature before including it in your review
D) Limit the number of articles used to under 10
Answer: C) Evaluate the quality of the literature before including it in your review
129
What is an abstract in the context of a literature review?
A) A full-length article summarizing the results
B) A brief summary of the major features of an article or book
C) A list of references at the end of a study
D) A critique of the methodologies used in the study
Answer: B) A brief summary of the major features of an article or book
130
What is one of the components of an abstract for a research study?
A) The full-text of the article
B) A detailed description of the researcher's background
C) A mention of the problem being addressed
D) A complete list of citations
Answer: C) A mention of the problem being addressed
131
What should researchers include when summarizing the results of a study in an abstract?
A) Detailed data analysis
B) A general statement about the methodology
C) Key results related to the proposed study
D) A list of all references cited in the article
Answer: C) Key results related to the proposed study
132
In addition to abstracts, where else in an article can key information for an abstract be found?
A) The discussion section
B) The references section
C) The title page
D) The appendix
Answer: A) The discussion section
133
What should a researcher extract from a non-empirical study when writing an abstract?
A) The research question and hypothesis
B) The central theme and major conclusions
C) The complete methodology used
D) The sample population
Answer: B) The central theme and major conclusions
134
What is the purpose of a literature map?
A) To summarize the methodology of each article
B) To organize and visually present the literature on a topic
C) To compile a list of authors in the field
D) To write the conclusions of the literature review
Answer: B) To organize and visually present the literature on a topic
135
How should a literature map be organized?
A) In a list of dates of publication
B) Hierarchically, as a flowchart, or using intersecting circles
C) In alphabetical order by author name
D) In a linear timeline of events
Answer: B) Hierarchically, as a flowchart, or using intersecting circles
136
What does the literature map help a researcher to do?
A) Write the literature review
B) Visualize the relationship between existing research and their proposed study
C) Organize the abstract section
D) Plan data collection methods
Answer: B) Visualize the relationship between existing research and their proposed study
137
What is one of the first steps when creating a literature map?
A) Select a specific study to focus on
B) Organize literature by publication year
C) Organize literature by broad topics and subtopics
D) Write the literature review narrative
Answer: C) Organize literature by broad topics and subtopics
138
In the literature map example provided, what was placed at the top of the hierarchy?
A) The study's methodology
B) The proposed study
C) The topic of the review
D) The results of the studies
Answer: C) The topic of the review
139
What does a literature map include at the bottom of the diagram?
A) A critique of the studies reviewed
B) A box representing the proposed study
C) A summary of findings
D) A list of references
Answer: B) A box representing the proposed study
140
How many studies might be collected for a preliminary literature map?
A) 5 studies
B) 10 studies
C) 25 studies
D) 100 studies
Answer: C) 25 studies
141
How should a researcher handle literature that has not been rigorously reviewed for quality?
A) Include it in the review without checking its quality
B) Discard it immediately
C) Evaluate its quality carefully and cautiously before including it
D) Only use it for background information
Answer: C) Evaluate its quality carefully and cautiously before including it
142
Which type of literature is most often used for understanding theoretical frameworks or broad syntheses of research?
A) Books and monographs
B) Peer-reviewed journal articles
C) Conference proceedings
D) Government reports
Answer: A) Books and monographs
143
What is a common approach when searching for literature that is not readily available in databases like ERIC or PubMed?
A) Skip it and only look for easily accessible resources
B) Contact the author or researcher to request the material
C) Only look for abstracts and avoid full-text articles
D) Conduct searches in unrelated fields
Answer: B) Contact the author or researcher to request the material
144
Which of the following is a recommended strategy when dealing with multiple databases for a literature search?
A) Use only one database for simplicity
B) Search multiple databases to ensure comprehensive coverage
C) Search the same database repeatedly to get the most results
D) Focus only on databases that charge fees for access
Answer: B) Search multiple databases to ensure comprehensive coverage
145
What should you do if you come across different descriptors for the same concept in different databases?
A) Discard the search results
B) Re-run your search using a variety of search terms
C) Stick to the first term you find and only use it
D) Ignore the discrepancies and proceed with your research
Answer: B) Re-run your search using a variety of search terms
146
What is the value of using the "thesaurus" feature available in many databases like ERIC?
A) It allows you to find articles that are not yet published
B) It helps identify a range of appropriate search terms for your topic
C) It replaces the need for reading abstracts
D) It filters out irrelevant articles automatically
Answer: B) It helps identify a range of appropriate search terms for your topic
147
What does it mean when a journal is described as “refereed”?
A) It is only available in physical libraries
B) It has undergone a peer-review process by experts in the field
C) It is available for free online
D) It publishes articles without any editorial oversight
Answer: B) It has undergone a peer-review process by experts in the field
148
What is one advantage of searching in specialized databases like PsycINFO or Sociological Abstracts?
A) They offer access to unrelated fields of research
B) They focus on a specific academic discipline, providing more targeted results
C) They limit access to only government publications
D) They only include articles written in the last five years
Answer: B) They focus on a specific academic discipline, providing more targeted results
149
Why is it important to look for recent studies when conducting a literature review?
A) Older studies are always outdated and irrelevant
B) Recent studies reflect the latest developments, theories, and methodologies
C) Only recent studies contain useful data
D) Recent studies are easier to find and obtain
Answer: B) Recent studies reflect the latest developments, theories, and methodologies
150
What is one of the challenges in reviewing conference papers?
A) They are typically not available online
B) They may not undergo as rigorous a peer review as journal articles
C) They are often too long and detailed
D) They lack citations and references
Answer: B) They may not undergo as rigorous a peer review as journal articles
151
What is an example of a database that specializes in health and medical sciences?
A) Scopus
B) Google Scholar
C) PubMed
D) ProQuest
Answer: C) PubMed
152
When reviewing a literature map, how should the literature be grouped?
A) By the authors' names
B) By broad themes or subtopics relevant to the research
C) By the date of publication
D) By the format of the publication (books, articles, reports)
Answer: B) By broad themes or subtopics relevant to the research
153
What is one of the main components of a literature map?
A) An abstract of each article
B) A visual representation of how existing research fits into your proposed study
C) A timeline of all the studies
D) A list of the journals where studies were published
Answer: B) A visual representation of how existing research fits into your proposed study
154
What can you do if your literature map becomes too complex with too many branches?
A) Eliminate all studies that are not directly related to your research
B) Simplify the map by focusing on the most relevant studies and themes
C) Include every study you find, regardless of relevance
D) Create multiple maps for different topics within the same research area
Answer: B) Simplify the map by focusing on the most relevant studies and themes
155
What is a key benefit of organizing literature into a map or diagram?
A) It eliminates the need for a written literature review
B) It visually clarifies the relationships between different research findings
C) It provides an easy way to summarize your research
D) It allows you to avoid reading any articles in detail
Answer: B) It visually clarifies the relationships between different research findings
156
How should a researcher handle sources that are not freely available through databases or the internet?
A) Ignore them completely
B) Request the full text via interlibrary loan or by contacting the author directly
C) Only look at the abstract and skip the full article
D) Pay for the articles without trying other options
Answer: B) Request the full text via interlibrary loan or by contacting the author directly
157
What type of publication would be most useful for understanding the current consensus on a research topic?
A) A new book by a well-known author
B) A peer-reviewed journal article that presents original research findings
C) An encyclopedia article that synthesizes past research
D) A conference paper that has not been peer-reviewed
Answer: C) An encyclopedia article that synthesizes past research
158
What is a recommended strategy for reviewing a large number of articles quickly?
A) Only read the conclusions of each article
B) Develop a system of notes or abstracts to summarize key elements
C) Skip abstracts and go directly to the results section
D) Only focus on the theoretical sections
Answer: B) Develop a system of notes or abstracts to summarize key elements
159
When might a researcher use a specialized database like Sociological Abstracts?
A) When searching for literature in the field of sociology
B) When looking for educational articles in ERIC
C) When reviewing health-related articles in PubMed
D) When conducting a broad search across all disciplines
Answer: A) When searching for literature in the field of sociology
160
What does it mean if a literature map includes multiple levels or branches?
A) The researcher is unsure about the focus of their study
B) The researcher is focusing on a specific subset of research
C) The research topic has been explored in great depth and is divided into subtopics
D) The researcher has included irrelevant studies
Answer: C) The research topic has been explored in great depth and is divided into subtopics
161
What is the most important reason for organizing a literature map before writing the review?
A) It saves time by presenting the literature visually
B) It ensures that the review is completely objective and unbiased
C) It guarantees a faster publication process
D) It prevents the researcher from having to read too many papers
Answer: A) It saves time by presenting the literature visually
162
Which of the following is a recommended approach for organizing a literature review for a thesis or dissertation?
A) List studies alphabetically
B) Create a literature map to organize key themes and subtopics
C) Summarize all studies in one paragraph without categorization
D) Write the literature review based only on one study
Answer: B) Create a literature map to organize key themes and subtopics
163
What is one benefit of using a literature map for a presentation to a graduate committee?
A) It allows the researcher to avoid discussing the literature in detail
B) It provides a visual summary of how the study fits into the existing research
C) It eliminates the need to provide citations
D) It simplifies the presentation to a few key points only
Answer: B) It provides a visual summary of how the study fits into the existing research
164
What should be the final step after creating a literature map?
A) Submit the map without further review
B) Revise the map based on feedback from others
C) Ignore feedback and proceed to writing the review
D) Start a new map with a completely different structure
Answer: B) Revise the map based on feedback from others
165
What is the advantage of using a software program (e.g., Word or PowerPoint) for creating a literature map?
A) It helps to write the literature review automatically
B) It ensures that the map is visual and easy to modify
C) It eliminates the need for collecting studies
D) It automatically includes references in APA style
Answer: B) It ensures that the map is visual and easy to modify
166
When should a researcher conduct a second search after finding a relevant article?
A) After reviewing the article's abstract and identifying additional descriptors
B) After reading the entire article in full
C) Only after contacting the author of the article
D) Immediately after finishing the first search
Answer: A) After reviewing the article's abstract and identifying additional descriptors
167
What is a good strategy when reviewing journal articles from respected scientific journals?
A) Focus on the journal's impact factor
B) Read only the introduction and conclusion sections
C) Examine the methodology, results, and discussion sections
D) Skip articles from journals with a low publication rate
Answer: C) Examine the methodology, results, and discussion sections
168
Which of the following is a key criterion for evaluating the quality of books included in a literature review?
A) The publisher's name and reputation
B) The book's length
C) The book's price
D) Whether it is available in paperback
Answer: A) The publisher's name and reputation
169
How can a researcher determine if an article has undergone a peer-review process?
A) Check the journal's editorial board
B) Contact the author directly
C) Look for the publication date
D) Read the article's conclusion
Answer: A) Check the journal's editorial board
170
What is the purpose of including a "Need to Study" section at the bottom of a literature map?
A) To identify studies that contradict the proposed study
B) To present the current gaps in research that the proposed study will address
C) To list all studies reviewed during the literature search
D) To include methodological flaws in existing studies
Answer: B) To present the current gaps in research that the proposed study will address
171
What is the primary purpose of using a style manual in academic writing?
A) To ensure consistency in communication so that readers can focus on ideas rather than formatting
B) To provide detailed instructions on how to write articles
C) To help researchers avoid plagiarism
D) To standardize the use of bias-free language
Answer: A) To ensure consistency in communication so that readers can focus on ideas rather than formatting
172
Which of the following is a commonly used style manual in the social sciences?
A) The MLA Handbook
B) The Chicago Manual of Style
C) The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
D) The Oxford English Dictionary
Answer: C) The Publication Manual of the American Psychological Association (APA)
173
When citing works with three or more authors in APA format, how should the citation appear?
A) List all authors' names
B) Use only the first author's name, followed by "et al."
C) Use the full names of all authors
D) Use "Anonymous" for all authors
Answer: B) Use only the first author's name, followed by "et al."
174
Which of the following is the correct approach for citing journal articles in the APA style?
A) Provide the publisher’s location and name
B) Include the article title in italics
C) Provide the DOI or URL if available
D) Cite only the year of publication
Answer: C) Provide the DOI or URL if available
175
What is one major change in the 7th edition of the APA Publication Manual regarding references?
A) The publisher’s location is no longer needed in references
B) The use of italics is eliminated from titles of tables and figures
C) Multiple authors are now cited for works with three or more authors
D) Footnotes are no longer allowed in academic writing
Answer: A) The publisher’s location is no longer needed in references
176
What does APA recommend regarding the use of headings in scholarly papers?
A) Only one heading level should be used
B) Five levels of headings should be used in order of importance
C) Headings should be capitalized fully
D) The title of the paper should be at the bottom of the document
Answer: B) Five levels of headings should be used in order of importance
177
What is a key characteristic of the fifth edition of the APA Manual in terms of formatting headings?
A) Headings are numbered
B) Level 3 to 5 headings are now bold and indented
C) Headings should be in lowercase letters only
D) All headings must be centered
Answer: B) Level 3 to 5 headings are now bold and indented
178
What is one of the main guidelines emphasized in the new edition of the APA Publication Manual?
A) The importance of using inclusive and bias-free language
B) The elimination of in-text citations
C) The requirement of using footnotes for all definitions
D) The use of colored charts and graphs
Answer: A) The importance of using inclusive and bias-free language
179
How does APA recommend handling bias-free language in research?
A) Use "him" and "her" to avoid confusion
B) Always refer to individuals by their titles or professions
C) Use "they" as a singular pronoun and avoid gendered terms
D) Avoid using any pronouns
Answer: C) Use "they" as a singular pronoun and avoid gendered terms
180
When is it appropriate to use footnotes in academic writing, according to the APA Manual?
A) They should be used frequently in research papers
B) They are used to provide additional content or attribution, but only if they strengthen the text
C) They are required in every paragraph
D) Footnotes are only used in social media publications
Answer: B) They are used to provide additional content or attribution, but only if they strengthen the text
181
How should the title of tables and figures be formatted according to the APA 7th edition?
A) In bold
B) In italics
C) In underlined text
D) In uppercase letters only
Answer: B) In italics
182
In what section of a research proposal or thesis should terms that may not be widely understood be defined?
A) Abstract
B) Definition of Terms section
C) Conclusion
D) Introduction
Answer: B) Definition of Terms section
183
When should terms be defined in a research proposal according to APA guidelines?
A) Only in the conclusion section
B) When they first appear in the proposal
C) At the end of the proposal
D) After the literature review
Answer: B) When they first appear in the proposal
184
What type of definition is preferred in scientific writing, according to Locke et al. (2014)?
A) Conceptual definitions
B) Operational definitions
C) Personal definitions
D) Dictionary definitions
Answer: B) Operational definitions
185
Which type of language should researchers avoid when defining terms in a scientific study?
A) Accepted language available in the research literature
B) Everyday language
C) Technical language used in other scientific studies
D) Concise language
Answer: B) Everyday language
186
In which type of research studies is it most common to define terms early and in detail?
A) Qualitative studies
B) Quantitative studies
C) Mixed methods studies
D) Theoretical studies
Answer: B) Quantitative studies
187
How are terms typically defined in qualitative research proposals?
A) In a separate section before the literature review
B) In the introduction section only
C) Through tentative definitions as themes emerge during the study
D) Using common definitions from everyday language
Answer: C) Through tentative definitions as themes emerge during the study
188
Which type of research study might include a separate section for defining key terms used in the research design?
A) Mixed methods studies
B) Qualitative studies
C) Quantitative studies
D) Meta-analyses
Answer: A) Mixed methods studies
189
How should researchers approach defining a term that does not have an established definition in the literature?
A) Use a definition based on personal experience
B) Define the term using everyday language
C) Provide a definition and use it consistently throughout the study
D) Skip defining the term altogether
Answer: C) Provide a definition and use it consistently throughout the study
190
How does the APA Manual suggest handling special terms in mixed methods research?
A) Define them in the final report only
B) Use everyday language for all terms
C) Define key terms in a separate section or as they emerge in the study
D) Avoid defining special terms altogether
Answer: C) Define key terms in a separate section or as they emerge in the study
191
Which of the following is the correct way to format references for journal articles in the APA 7th edition?
A) Include the publisher’s name after the article title
B) Abbreviate the title of the journal article
C) Include the DOI or a URL if available
D) Omit the page numbers
Answer: C) Include the DOI or a URL if available
192
What is the recommended number of heading levels in a scholarly paper according to the APA 7th edition?
A) Two levels
B) Three levels
C) Four levels
D) Five levels
Answer: D) Five levels
193
How does APA recommend writing in-text citations for works with more than three authors?
A) List all authors each time you cite
B) Use the first author’s name followed by "et al."
C) Only cite the last author’s name
D) Use "Anonymous" in place of authors' names
Answer: B) Use the first author’s name followed by "et al."
194
What is one of the goals of using a consistent style manual in academic writing?
A) To make writing longer and more complex
B) To ensure clarity and uniformity in presenting research
C) To avoid using any technical terminology
D) To create a more casual tone in writing
Answer: B) To ensure clarity and uniformity in presenting research
195
Which of the following elements does the APA style guide help researchers with?
A) Writing grant proposals only
B) Formatting papers, citing references, and using consistent language
C) Avoiding the use of tables and figures
D) Writing for a general audience rather than academic readers
Answer: B) Formatting papers, citing references, and using consistent language
196
How does APA recommend handling plural nouns in bias-free language?
A) Always use singular nouns
B) Use plural nouns whenever referring to groups of people
C) Avoid using plural nouns and focus on individuals only
D) Use plural nouns to avoid gendered language
Answer: B) Use plural nouns whenever referring to groups of people
197
What is the APA guideline for citing social media posts?
A) Cite them like books
B) Cite them in the same way as journal articles
C) Provide the exact URL and the date of the post
D) Do not cite social media posts
Answer: C) Provide the exact URL and the date of the post
198
What is one of the main differences between qualitative and quantitative research in terms of defining terms?
A) Qualitative research defines terms in an abstract, conceptual manner
B) Quantitative research uses operational definitions early in the study
C) Qualitative research uses many operational definitions
D) Quantitative research rarely defines terms
Answer: B) Quantitative research uses operational definitions early in the study
199
In which section of a research proposal are terms typically defined in quantitative research studies?
A) Conclusion
B) Literature review
C) Methodology
D) Definition of terms section
Answer: D) Definition of terms section
200
When defining terms in academic writing, what is the recommended approach according to the APA 7th edition?
A) Use invented definitions for clarity
B) Use definitions from common language
C) Use precise definitions from accepted literature
D) Avoid using any definitions
Answer: C) Use precise definitions from accepted literature
201
What is the purpose of using operational definitions in research?
A) To keep definitions vague and open to interpretation
B) To provide clear, precise meanings that help in measurement and understanding
C) To confuse the reader with multiple meanings
D) To avoid providing any definitions at all
Answer: B) To provide clear, precise meanings that help in measurement and understanding
202
What is the key feature of APA's 7th edition recommendations for references?
A) The publisher’s location must always be included
B) References should use full names for authors
C) The location of the publisher is no longer required
D) Journal articles should not be cited
Answer: C) The location of the publisher is no longer required
203
What is one reason why researchers need to define terms in their proposals?
A) To ensure that all readers have the same understanding of key concepts
B) To increase the length of the proposal
C) To confuse the reader and prevent misinterpretation
D) To make the proposal appear more complex
Answer: A) To ensure that all readers have the same understanding of key concepts
204
When defining terms in a research proposal, what language should be used?
A) Everyday language
B) Colloquial language
C) Technical language from the literature
D) Inconsistent language
Answer: C) Technical language from the literature
205
What is the primary goal of writing definitions for key terms in research?
A) To create ambiguity in the research
B) To ensure that all terms are understood uniformly by readers
C) To avoid technical terminology
D) To make the paper longer
Answer: B) To ensure that all terms are understood uniformly by readers
206
What type of research commonly defines terms as themes emerge during the study?
A) Quantitative research
B) Qualitative research
C) Experimental research
D) Historical research
Answer: B) Qualitative research
207
What is an example of a special term that might need to be defined in mixed methods research?
A) Qualitative inquiry
B) Convergent design
C) Participant selection
D) Quantitative analysis
Answer: B) Convergent design
208
When defining terms in a mixed methods study, when are the terms typically defined?
A) Only after the results are collected
B) Early in the study, similar to quantitative research
C) At the end of the study
D) Terms are not defined in mixed methods research
Answer: B) Early in the study, similar to quantitative research
209
What is a key element of using a style manual consistently in research writing?
A) To make writing more personal
B) To ensure uniform formatting and clarity
C) To eliminate the need for citations
D) To create confusion among readers
Answer: B) To ensure uniform formatting and clarity
210
What should researchers do if they encounter a term that is not clearly defined in the literature?
A) Skip defining the term
B) Provide a definition and use it consistently
C) Use a dictionary definition
D) Ignore the term altogether
Answer: B) Provide a definition and use it consistently
211
What is one of the main functions of a definition of terms section in a research proposal?
A) To provide a space for irrelevant content
B) To clarify the meaning of key terms for readers
C) To summarize the literature review
D) To lengthen the proposal unnecessarily
Answer: B) To clarify the meaning of key terms for readers
212
When should researchers define terms in qualitative research proposals?
A) At the beginning of the study, prior to any data collection
B) Only at the end of the study when results are presented
C) As the terms emerge throughout the research process
D) Qualitative studies do not require term definitions
Answer: C) As the terms emerge throughout the research process
213
What is the recommended approach for defining terms in quantitative research studies?
A) Use everyday language for clarity
B) Avoid defining terms to keep the study flexible
C) Define terms operationally early in the study
D) Use personal interpretations of terms
Answer: C) Define terms operationally early in the study
214
What is a key feature of the APA Manual’s guidance on footnotes?
A) Footnotes must be used in every research paper
B) Footnotes should provide additional information or attribution but only if they strengthen the text
C) Footnotes should replace in-text citations
D) Footnotes should be eliminated entirely
Answer: B) Footnotes should provide additional information or attribution but only if they strengthen the text
215
What should be the format for a table or figure title in APA style?
A) Bold
B) Underlined
C) Italicized
D) In all uppercase letters
Answer: C) Italicized
216
What is the recommended strategy for defining terms in mixed methods research?
A) Define all terms early in the study
B) Define terms as they emerge in each phase of the research
C) Do not define terms
D) Only define terms in the final report
Answer: B) Define terms as they emerge in each phase of the research
217
Which of the following is true about using "et al." in APA citations?
A) It is used only for works with one author
B) It is used for works with three or more authors
C) It is used only for works with two authors
D) It is never used in APA citations
Answer: B) It is used for works with three or more authors
218
How does the APA Publication Manual assist researchers in publishing their work?
A) It provides guidelines on formatting, ethics, and writing styles for publication
B) It only offers advice on citation methods
C) It provides detailed instructions for personal publishing
D) It outlines procedures for contacting publishers
Answer: A) It provides guidelines on formatting, ethics, and writing styles for publication
219
What should a researcher do if a definition of a term is not available in the research literature?
A) Use a definition from common language
B) Skip the definition entirely
C) Provide a definition and use it consistently
D) Use a general definition from a different field
Answer: C) Provide a definition and use it consistently
220
According to the APA, why is it important to define terms early in a research proposal?
A) To increase the complexity of the study
B) To ensure precision and consistency in communication
C) To make the proposal more abstract
D) To avoid using technical language
Answer: B) To ensure precision and consistency in communication
