Chapter 1: The Selection of a Research Approach

Question 1

Before a study begins, a researcher brings a point of view and a set of beliefs to the research process that informs their approach to conducting the study. These are beliefs and values. They emphasize what the researcher holds to be most important in conducting a study. It is develop from an individual’s training in a specific discipline or field of study (e.g., psychology). They also emerge from prior experiences in research and the cultural environment of an individual.

a. Philosophical Assumption
b. Research Approach
c. Research Design
d. Research Methods

Answer 1

a. Philosophical Assumptions

Question 2

It is used synonymously with research methodology. This term represents different types of research to have historically emerged. It present three broad methodologies: quantitative, qualitative, and mixed methods.

a. Philosophical Assumption
b. Research Approach
c. Research Design
d. Research Methods

Answer 2

b. Research Approach

Question 3

It is the ways of conducting research within broad methodology.

a. Philosophical Assumption
b. Research Approach
c. Research Design
d. Research Methods

Answer 3

c. Research Design

Question 4

Within a particular design, the researcher gathers data, analyzes it, and makes an interpretation of its meaning. These are the:

a. Philosophical Assumption
b. Research Approach
c. Research Design
d. Research Methods

Answer 4

d. Research Methods

Question 5

What are the three approaches or methodologies in research?

Answer 5

Qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods research

Question 6

It is an approach for exploring and understanding the meaning individuals or groups ascribe to a social or human problem. The research process involves emerging questions and procedures, data typically collected in the participant’s setting, data analysis inductively building from particulars to general themes, and the researcher making interpretations of the meaning of the data. The final written report has a flexible structure. Those who engage in this form of inquiry use an inductive style building from data to themes and a focus on individual meaning, and emphasize the importance of reporting the complexity of a situation.

a. Mixed methods research
b. Quantitative research
c. Qualitative research

Answer 6

c. Qualitative research

Question 7

It is an approach for testing objective theories by examining the relationship among variables or a comparison among groups. These variables, in turn, can be measured, typically on instruments, so that numbered data can be analyzed using statistical procedures. The final written report has a set structure comprising an introduction, methods, results, and discussion. Quantitative researchers test theories deductively, build into a study protections against bias, control for alternative or counterfactual explanations, and seek to generalize and replicate the findings.

a. Mixed methods research
b. Quantitative research
c. Qualitative research

Answer 7

b. Quantitative research

Question 8

is an approach to inquiry involving collecting both quantitative and qualitative data, using a specific procedure or design, combining (or integrating) the two forms of data within the design, and drawing conclusions (metainferences) about the insight to emerge from the combined databases. This description emphasizes a methods perspective focused on understanding mixed methods research from its data collection, data analysis, and interpretation. Also, in mixed methods a researcher brings philosophical assumptions and theories that inform the conduct of the research.

a. Mixed methods research
b. Quantitative research
c. Qualitative research

Answer 8

a. Mixed methods research

Question 9

What are the three major components of a research approach?

Answer 9

Philosophical worldviews, Research designs, and Research methods

Question 10

It involves the forms of data collection, analysis, and interpretation that researchers propose for their studies. It is useful to consider the full range of possibilities of data collection and to organize these methods, for example, by their degree of predetermined nature, their use of closed-ended versus open-ended questioning, and their focus on numeric versus nonnumeric data analysis. It is also the third major element in the philosophy-design-methods framework.

a. Research designs
b. Research methods
c. Philosophical worldviews

Answer 10

b. Research methods

Question 11

It is the second element of the three-part framework. These are types of inquiry within qualitative, quantitative, and mixed methods approaches that provide specific direction for procedures in a research study.

a. Research designs
b. Research methods
c. Philosophical worldviews

Answer 11

a. Research designs

Question 12

It is used as a as meaning “a basic set of beliefs that guide action.” It influences the practice of research and need to be identified. This information will help explain why they chose qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods approaches for their
research.

a. Research designs
b. Research methods
c. Philosophical worldviews

Answer 12

c. Philosophical worldviews

Question 13

In writing about worldviews, a proposal might include a section that addresses the following:

Answer 13

1. The philosophical worldview being used by the researcher.
2. A definition of basic ideas of that worldview.
3. An individual’s worldview drawn on research experiences, training, or cultural environment.
4. How the worldview shaped their approach to research

Question 14

True or False

We prefer the word “worldview” because it brings a global perspective to research in this era of international
interconnections.

Answer 14

True

Question 15

True or False

We see worldviews as a general philosophical orientation about the world and the nature of research that a researcher brings to a study.

Answer 15

True

Question 16

True or False

Individuals’ worldviews are not only developed based on their discipline orientations and research communities, advisers and mentors, past research experiences, and cultural experiences.

Answer 16

False

Question 17

True or False

Individuals develop worldviews based on their discipline orientations and research communities, advisers and mentors, past research experiences, and cultural experiences. Individual researchers’
beliefs based on these factors will often lead to embracing a strong qualitative, quantitative, or mixed methods approach in their research.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

Why is it important to include philosophical beliefs in a study?

Answer 18

The philosophical beliefs are important to include in a study because a reader can best interpret the research knowing the biases and the particular stance being taken by the researcher.

Question 19

What are the four worldvies?

Answer 19

Postpositivism, Constructivism, Transformative, and Pragmatism.

Question 20

It includes determination,
reductionism, empirical observation and measurement, and theory verification.

a. Constructivism
b. Pragmatism
c. Informative
d. Postpositivism

Answer 20

a. Postpositivism

Question 21

It includes political, power and justice oriented, collaborative, and change oriented.

a. Constructivism
b. Pragmatism
c. Transformative
d. Postpositivism

Answer 21

c. Transformative

Question 22

It includes understanding, multiple participant meanings, social and historical construction, and theory generation.

a. Constructivism
b. Pragmatism
c. Informative
d. Postpositivism

Answer 22

a. Constructivism

Question 23

It includes consequences of actions, problem centered, pluralistic, and real-world practice oriented.

a. Constructivism
b. Pragmatism
c. Informative
d. Postpositivism

Answer 23

b. Pragmatism

Question 24

This worldviews have represented the traditional form of research, and these assumptions hold true more for quantitative research than qualitative research. This worldview is sometimes called the
scientific method or doing science research. It represents the thinking
after positivism, challenging the traditional notion of the absolute truth of knowledge and recognizing that we cannot be certain about our claims of knowledge when studying the behavior and actions of humans.

a. Postpositivism worldview
b. Constructivism worldview
c. Transformative worldview
d. Pragmatic worldview

Answer 24

a. Postpositivist worldview

Question 25

Positivist worldview is also called as: a. Positivist/postpositivist research b. Emperical science c. Postpositivism d. All of the above.

Answer 25

d. All of the above

Question 26

It is a philosophical position used in qualitative research. The ideas came from Mannheim and from works such as Berger and Luckmann’s (1967) The Social Construction of Reality and Lincoln and Guba’s (1985) Naturalistic Inquiry. Those who hold unto this worldview believe that individuals seek understanding of the world in which they live and work. Individuals develop subjective meanings of their experiences—meanings directed toward certain objects or things. a. Postpositivism worldview b. Constructivism worldview c. Transformative worldview d. Pragmatic worldview

Answer 26

b. Constructivist worldview

Question 27

This position arose during the 1980s and 1990s from individuals who felt that the postpositivist assumptions imposed structural laws and theories that did not fit marginalized individuals in our society or issues of power and social justice, discrimination, and oppression. There is no uniform body of literature characterizing this worldview, but it includes groups of researchers that are critical theorists, participatory action researchers, community-based participatory researchers, Marxists, feminists, and racial and ethnic minorities. This worldview holds that research inquiry needs to be intertwined with politics and a political change agenda to confront social oppression at whatever levels it occurs. a. Postpositivism worldview b. Constructivism worldview c. Transformative worldview d. Pragmatic worldview

Answer 27

c. Transformative worldview

Question 28

It is derived from the works of Peirce, James, Mead, and Dewey (Cherryholmes, 1992). Other writers include Murphy (1990), Patton (1990), and Rorty (1990). There are many forms of this worldview, but it arises out of actions, situations, and consequences rather than antecedent conditions (as in postpositivism). There is a concern with applications—what works—and solutions to problems (Patton, 1990). Instead of focusing on methods, researchers emphasize the research problem and question and use all approaches available to understand the problem. a. Postpositivism worldview b. Constructivism worldview c. Transformative worldview d. Pragmatic worldview

Answer 28

d. Pragmatic worldview

Question 29

Others call research design as? a. Methods of inquiry b. Strategies of question c. Methods of question d. Strategies of inquiry

Answer 29

d. Strategies of inquiry

Question 30

What are the alternative research designs?

Answer 30

Quantitative, qualitative, and methods design

Question 31

It includes descriptive method, narrative research, phenomenology, grounded theory, ethnography, and case study. a. Qualitative designs b. Methods designs c. Quantitative designs

Answer 31

a. Qualitative designs

Question 32

It includes convergent, explanatory sequential, exploratory sequential, and complex designs with embedded core designs. a. Qualitative designs b. Methods designs c. Quantitative designs

Answer 32

b. Methods designs

Question 33

It includes experimental and quasi-experimental, single-subject, nonexperimental such as surveys, and longitudinal. a. Qualitative designs b. Methods designs c. Quantitative designs

Answer 33

c. Quantitative designs

Question 34

What is the primary goal of research approaches or methodologies? a) To choose a research problem b) To decide on the specific data collection tools c) To span the steps from assumptions to methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation d) To test a hypothesis

Answer 34

Answer: c) To span the steps from assumptions to methods of data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Question 35

In a research approach, what informs the decision of which methodology to use? a) The amount of data available b) Philosophical assumptions, research design, and methods c) The location of the research d) The researcher’s experience

Answer 35

Answer: b) Philosophical assumptions, research design, and methods

Question 36

Which of the following is characteristic of Qualitative Research? a) Involves statistical analysis of variables b) Focuses on understanding individual or group meanings of a social problem c) Follows a strict, linear structure in reporting d) Tests objective theories

Answer 36

Answer: b) Focuses on understanding individual or group meanings of a social problem

Question 37

Qualitative research data is typically collected in: a) Controlled lab settings b) Participant's natural setting c) Virtual environments d) Randomized controlled trials

Answer 37

Answer: b) Participant's natural setting

Question 38

What type of data analysis is used in qualitative research? a) Inductive, building from particulars to general themes b) Deductive, testing predefined theories c) Predictive modeling d) Quantitative analysis using statistical procedures

Answer 38

Answer: a) Inductive, building from particulars to general themes

Question 39

How is the final report of a qualitative research study structured? a) Rigid and fixed format b) Structured with introduction, methods, results, and discussion c) Flexible and can vary in structure d) Includes only findings and methods

Answer 39

Answer: c) Flexible and can vary in structure

Question 40

Which research approach is most concerned with testing objective theories? a) Qualitative Research b) Quantitative Research c) Mixed Methods Research d) Action Research

Answer 40

Answer: b) Quantitative Research

Question 41

In quantitative research, what is typically used to measure variables? a) Interviews b) Observations c) Instruments or tools that provide numeric data d) Narrative descriptions

Answer 41

Answer: c) Instruments or tools that provide numeric data

Question 42

What is the primary method of analysis in quantitative research? a) Inductive reasoning b) Statistical analysis c) Thematic analysis d) Narrative synthesis

Answer 42

Answer: b) Statistical analysis

Question 43

Which of the following is the typical structure of a quantitative research report? a) Introduction, methods, results, and discussion b) Purpose, data, analysis, and conclusion c) Hypothesis, findings, interpretation, and application d) Background, methodology, findings, and recommendations

Answer 43

Answer: a) Introduction, methods, results, and discussion

Question 44

What approach is used in Mixed Methods Research? a) Only qualitative data is collected and analyzed b) A combination of both quantitative and qualitative data is collected and analyzed c) Only numerical data is collected, but analysis uses qualitative techniques d) No data is collected, only theoretical analysis

Answer 44

Answer: b) A combination of both quantitative and qualitative data is collected and analyzed

Question 45

What is a key feature of Mixed Methods Research? a) Data is collected through surveys only b) Quantitative and qualitative data are combined or integrated in the study c) Data analysis focuses exclusively on one methodology d) Results are presented in narrative form only

Answer 45

Answer: b) Quantitative and qualitative data are combined or integrated in the study

Question 46

In Mixed Methods Research, what informs the conduct of the study? a) Only quantitative theories b) Both philosophical assumptions and theories from both methodologies c) Only qualitative assumptions d) The methodology used in the study

Answer 46

Answer: b) Both philosophical assumptions and theories from both methodologies

Question 47

Which type of reasoning is commonly used in Qualitative Research? a) Deductive reasoning b) Inductive reasoning c) Deductive and inductive combined d) Correlational reasoning

Answer 47

Answer: b) Inductive reasoning

Question 48

In Quantitative Research, which of the following is most important? a) Emphasizing participant perspectives b) Generalizing findings to larger populations c) Building complex theories from the ground up d) Detailed narrative descriptions

Answer 48

Answer: b) Generalizing findings to larger populations

Question 49

Which of the following best describes the final report in Mixed Methods Research? a) It has a rigid format that only focuses on numerical data b) It integrates both qualitative and quantitative results to provide a deeper understanding c) It focuses solely on themes and patterns in qualitative data d) It excludes data interpretation and focuses on the collection process

Answer 49

Answer: b) It integrates both qualitative and quantitative results to provide a deeper understanding

Question 50

Which of the following is true about Qualitative Research? a) It is used primarily for large-scale population studies b) It often involves controlling for bias through statistical procedures c) It is focused on exploring meaning and understanding a social or human problem d) It uses specific tools for measuring variables numerically

Answer 50

Answer: c) It is focused on exploring meaning and understanding a social or human problem

Question 51

Which of the following statements is true about Quantitative Research? a) It typically uses inductive reasoning to build theories b) It involves flexible, open-ended methods of data collection c) It aims to test hypotheses and theories using numerical data d) It prioritizes participant perspectives and experiences

Answer 51

Answer: c) It aims to test hypotheses and theories using numerical data

Question 52

What is the main purpose of Mixed Methods Research? a) To test a hypothesis with quantitative data only b) To combine qualitative and quantitative data to draw comprehensive conclusions c) To focus on either qualitative or quantitative data depending on the researcher’s preference d) To use both qualitative and quantitative data separately in a study

Answer 52

Answer: b) To combine qualitative and quantitative data to draw comprehensive conclusions

Question 53

How is bias typically addressed in Quantitative Research? a) Through flexible participant responses b) Through careful controls and statistical procedures c) By using thematic analysis d) By focusing on the subjective meaning of participants' experiences

Answer 53

Answer: b) Through careful controls and statistical procedures

Question 54

Which of the following is a key characteristic of Mixed Methods Research? a) It exclusively uses qualitative data b) It involves collecting and analyzing both numerical and narrative data c) It is focused on understanding individual meanings without any numerical data d) It only focuses on statistical analysis

Answer 54

Answer: b) It involves collecting and analyzing both numerical and narrative data

Question 55

In Qualitative Research, what is the role of the researcher? a) To remain distant and detached from the research process b) To actively interpret the data and provide insights into the meaning of the findings c) To control and manipulate variables to test hypotheses d) To only collect data without interpreting it

Answer 55

Answer: b) To actively interpret the data and provide insights into the meaning of the findings

Question 56

What is the primary characteristic of Quantitative Research Designs? a) Emphasis on subjective experiences b) Use of numerical data for analysis c) Focus on individual meanings and experiences d) Narrative storytelling

Answer 56

Answer: b) Use of numerical data for analysis

Question 57

True experiments and quasi-experiments are associated with which worldview? a) Postpositivist worldview b) Constructivist worldview c) Pragmatic worldview d) Interpretivist worldview

Answer 57

Answer: a) Postpositivist worldview

Question 58

Which research design is used to measure the degree of association between two or more variables? a) Correlational design b) Experimental design c) Narrative research d) Ethnography

Answer 58

Answer: a) Correlational design

Question 59

Structural equation modeling and hierarchical linear modeling are techniques used in which type of research design? a) Qualitative b) Mixed Methods c) Quantitative d) Case Study

Answer 59

Answer: c) Quantitative

Question 60

Survey research involves the collection of data to: a) Measure qualitative opinions b) Generalize trends, attitudes, and opinions from a sample to a population c) Collect long-term observational data d) Develop complex theories

Answer 60

Answer: b) Generalize trends, attitudes, and opinions from a sample to a population

Question 61

What is the main goal of experimental research? a) To describe lived experiences b) To determine the influence of a specific treatment on an outcome c) To generate abstract theories d) To collect narratives from participants

Answer 61

Answer: b) To determine the influence of a specific treatment on an outcome

Question 62

In experimental research, what is the difference between a true experiment and a quasi-experiment? a) True experiments involve non-randomized assignment b) True experiments involve random assignment to treatment groups c) Quasi-experiments do not collect data d) True experiments do not involve treatments

Answer 62

Answer: b) True experiments involve random assignment to treatment groups

Question 63

Descriptive method in qualitative research primarily involves: a) Making broad generalizations from a sample b) Staying close to the data and categorizing it into themes c) Using statistical analysis d) Testing hypotheses and theories

Answer 63

Answer: b) Staying close to the data and categorizing it into themes

Question 64

Narrative research focuses on: a) The interpretation of abstract theories b) Studying the lives of individuals through stories and personal narratives c) Statistical relationships between variables d) The collection of observational data from groups

Answer 64

Answer: b) Studying the lives of individuals through stories and personal narratives

Question 65

Phenomenological research is primarily concerned with: a) Understanding the lived experiences of individuals regarding a phenomenon b) Studying group behaviors over time c) Developing abstract theories from participants’ views d) Analyzing cultural behaviors and practices

Answer 65

Answer: a) Understanding the lived experiences of individuals regarding a phenomenon

Question 66

Grounded theory aims to: a) Collect detailed case studies b) Develop an abstract theory grounded in participants' views c) Study the dynamics of a particular cultural group d) Analyze the impact of an experimental treatment

Answer 66

Answer: b) Develop an abstract theory grounded in participants' views

Question 67

In ethnographic research, the researcher typically studies: a) Statistical data and correlations b) The shared behaviors, language, and culture of a group c) Abstract theories in a controlled setting d) Individual experiences of participants

Answer 67

Answer: b) The shared behaviors, language, and culture of a group

Question 68

Case study research involves: a) Studying a small number of individuals over time b) Developing general theories from participant interviews c) Analyzing a specific case or event over a sustained period of time d) Studying groups in natural settings

Answer 68

Answer: c) Analyzing a specific case or event over a sustained period of time

Question 69

Mixed Methods Research involves: a) Collecting only quantitative data b) Combining both quantitative and qualitative data c) Exclusively qualitative data collection d) Random assignment to treatment groups

Answer 69

Answer: b) Combining both quantitative and qualitative data

Question 70

In convergent mixed methods design, the researcher typically: a) Collects both types of data at the same time and merges them in the analysis b) Conducts qualitative research first and then uses quantitative methods c) Collects only qualitative data, followed by statistical analysis d) Focuses only on qualitative data to explain quantitative results

Answer 70

Answer: a) Collects both types of data at the same time and merges them in the analysis

Question 71

Which mixed methods design involves starting with quantitative research and then explaining the results in more detail with qualitative data? a) Explanatory sequential mixed methods design b) Convergent mixed methods design c) Exploratory sequential mixed methods design d) Complex mixed methods design

Answer 71

Answer: a) Explanatory sequential mixed methods design

Question 72

Exploratory sequential mixed methods design begins with: a) Collecting both quantitative and qualitative data simultaneously b) Qualitative research to explore participant views, followed by quantitative research c) A survey of statistical data followed by case studies d) Analyzing a case study followed by experimental treatments

Answer 72

Answer: b) Qualitative research to explore participant views, followed by quantitative research

Question 73

Complex mixed methods design may involve: a) Embedding one or more core designs within a broader framework or process b) Using only qualitative data to develop a theory c) Random assignment to treatment groups for all phases of the study d) Focusing solely on quantitative survey responses

Answer 73

Answer: a) Embedding one or more core designs within a broader framework or process

Question 74

The convergent mixed methods design addresses contradictions in findings by: a) Ignoring the contradictions b) Exploring the contradictions or incongruent findings in further detail c) Rewriting the research questions d) Collecting more qualitative data

Answer 74

Answer: b) Exploring the contradictions or incongruent findings in further detail

Question 75

The explanatory sequential mixed methods design is particularly useful in fields with: a) A strong quantitative orientation b) A strong qualitative orientation c) A preference for observational data d) Case study methodology

Answer 75

Answer: a) A strong quantitative orientation

Question 76

Grounded theory comes from which academic discipline? a) Philosophy b) Sociology c) Psychology d) Anthropology

Answer 76

Answer: b) Sociology

Question 77

Quasi-experimental research is different from true experimental research in that it: a) Always involves random assignment b) Uses nonrandomized assignments c) Focuses only on observational data d) Collects data only in controlled settings

Answer 77

Answer: b) Uses nonrandomized assignments

Question 78

Case studies are commonly used in which field? a) Psychology b) Evaluation c) Chemistry d) Physics

Answer 78

Answer: b) Evaluation

Question 79

Phenomenological research typically involves: a) Randomized controlled trials b) Describing the essence of experiences related to a phenomenon c) Developing a theory based on participant interviews d) Analyzing group behavior over time

Answer 79

Answer: b) Describing the essence of experiences related to a phenomenon

Question 80

Ethnography is primarily concerned with: a) Developing theories about social interactions b) Observing and interpreting the culture of a group over time c) Conducting randomized experiments d) Analyzing statistical relationships

Answer 80

Answer: b) Observing and interpreting the culture of a group over time

Question 81

Survey research typically involves: a) Collecting open-ended qualitative data b) Generalizing from a sample to a population c) Focusing on individual life stories d) Studying a cultural group's behavior

Answer 81

Answer: b) Generalizing from a sample to a population

Question 82

What is the main focus of narrative research? a) Collecting statistical data to test theories b) Studying and retelling individual life stories c) Understanding cultural practices and rituals d) Developing a hypothesis based on previous studies

Answer 82

Answer: b) Studying and retelling individual life stories

Question 83

The true experiment method is typically associated with which research design? a) Qualitative research b) Quantitative research c) Mixed methods research d) Narrative research

Answer 83

Answer: b) Quantitative research

Question 84

Mixed Methods Research is beneficial because: a) It only uses qualitative data for depth b) It combines the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative data c) It relies solely on randomization d) It focuses exclusively on interviews

Answer 84

Answer: b) It combines the strengths of both quantitative and qualitative data

Question 85

Complex mixed methods designs may be used to: a) Combine qualitative and quantitative data after an experiment to explain the results b) Conduct a survey only c) Focus entirely on qualitative interviews d) Avoid statistical analysis

Answer 85

Answer: a) Combine qualitative and quantitative data after an experiment to explain the results

Question 86

Grounded theory research typically focuses on: a) Describing life experiences b) Creating an abstract theory grounded in data c) Collecting narrative life stories d) Statistical correlations

Answer 86

Answer: b) Creating an abstract theory grounded in data

Question 87

In quantitative research, logistic regression is used for: a) Measuring relationships between variables b) Describing life experiences c) Studying culture d) Generating case studies

Answer 87

Answer: a) Measuring relationships between variables

Question 88

Case study research is typically used when: a) A researcher needs to analyze a large population b) The focus is on understanding a specific instance in depth c) The study involves random assignment d) The goal is to generalize to a larger population

Answer 88

Answer: b) The focus is on understanding a specific instance in depth

Question 89

The explanatory sequential mixed methods design can be useful when: a) The goal is to explore participants’ experiences b) Quantitative results need to be clarified using qualitative data c) Only qualitative data is needed d) Both phases are conducted simultaneously

Answer 89

Answer: b) Quantitative results need to be clarified using qualitative data

Question 90

Mixed Methods Research is particularly useful when: a) Only statistical data is required b) Both numbers and narratives are needed for a comprehensive understanding c) Only qualitative data is sufficient d) The research design does not require data collection

Answer 90

Answer: b) Both numbers and narratives are needed for a comprehensive understanding

Question 91

Survey research in quantitative design is typically used to: a) Identify cultural patterns b) Gather detailed life stories from participants c) Study opinions, trends, and attitudes in a population d) Analyze abstract theories

Answer 91

Answer: c) Study opinions, trends, and attitudes in a population

Question 92

Ethnography primarily involves: a) Gathering statistical data to measure relationships b) Studying cultures in their natural environment over time c) Conducting experiments in a controlled setting d) Analyzing single case studies

Answer 92

Answer: b) Studying cultures in their natural environment over time

Question 93

In phenomenological research, the researcher aims to: a) Focus solely on statistical data b) Understand the essence of lived experiences related to a phenomenon c) Study group behaviors over a long period d) Analyze abstract theories

Answer 93

Answer: b) Understand the essence of lived experiences related to a phenomenon

Question 94

Narrative research typically retells stories provided by: a) The researcher’s own experiences b) Participants, often in a chronological narrative c) Cultural groups over time d) Statistical analysis of survey responses

Answer 94

Answer: b) Participants, often in a chronological narrative

Question 95

The exploratory sequential mixed methods design is particularly useful for: a) Starting with qualitative research to explore participant views before conducting quantitative research b) Using only quantitative methods in research c) Collecting data from a large population for statistical analysis d) Conducting experiments in laboratory settings

Answer 95

Answer: a) Starting with qualitative research to explore participant views before conducting quantitative research

Question 96

Case studies often involve: a) Statistical modeling and regression analysis b) An in-depth analysis of a single case or a small number of cases c) The collection of numerical data through experiments d) Generalizations about large populations

Answer 96

Answer: b) An in-depth analysis of a single case or a small number of cases

Question 97

The true experiment in quantitative research usually involves: a) Random assignment to treatment groups b) Collecting only qualitative data c) Describing life stories of participants d) Studying culture in natural settings

Answer 97

Answer: a) Random assignment to treatment groups

Question 98

Grounded theory research often involves: a) Collecting narratives from participants b) Developing abstract theories from patterns in data c) Observing group behaviors in natural settings d) Studying statistical correlations between variables

Answer 98

Answer: b) Developing abstract theories from patterns in data

Question 99

Explanatory sequential mixed methods design is most likely used when: a) Qualitative data needs to provide more detail and explanation for the quantitative results b) There is no need for data collection c) Only qualitative data is required d) Both qualitative and quantitative data are collected simultaneously

Answer 99

Answer: a) Qualitative data needs to provide more detail and explanation for the quantitative results

Question 100

Ethnographic research often involves: a) Studying statistical relationships between variables b) A prolonged observation of a cultural group's behavior in a natural setting c) Collecting survey data from large populations d) Analyzing experimental treatments

Answer 100

Answer: b) A prolonged observation of a cultural group's behavior in a natural setting

Question 101

What is the primary purpose of specific research methods in a study? a) To collect data using random sampling b) To ensure the research is based on philosophical assumptions c) To involve forms of data collection, analysis, and interpretation d) To ensure the study is grounded in a theoretical framework

Answer 101

Answer: c) To involve forms of data collection, analysis, and interpretation

Question 102

What type of research method involves collecting data through a set of questions about attitudes? a) Observation b) Behavioral checklist c) Interview d) Instrument or test

Answer 102

Answer: d) Instrument or test

Question 103

Behavioral checklists are used for data collection in which type of research? a) Collecting open-ended qualitative data b) Observing and recording specific behaviors during a task c) Conducting structured interviews d) Gathering statistical data for hypothesis testing

Answer 103

Answer: b) Observing and recording specific behaviors during a task

Question 104

Which research method involves visiting a research site and observing behavior without predetermined questions? a) Structured interview b) Observation c) Survey research d) Experimentation

Answer 104

Answer: b) Observation

Question 105

In interviews, how is the data typically collected? a) Using predetermined, closed-ended questions b) By observing participants in their natural environment c) Through open-ended discussions where the participant talks freely d) By analyzing numerical data on attitudes

Answer 105

Answer: c) Through open-ended discussions where the participant talks freely

Question 106

Which of the following best describes data collection on a behavioral checklist? a) Participants complete a set of open-ended questions about personal experiences b) Observing and recording specific behaviors during a task or process c) Interviewing individuals about their attitudes toward a topic d) Administering a standardized test to measure intelligence

Answer 106

Answer: b) Observing and recording specific behaviors during a task or process

Question 107

Research methods typically involve a continuum of data collection methods. Which of the following is on the qualitative end of this continuum? a) Using a standardized test b) Conducting an interview with predetermined questions c) Observing behavior without predetermined questions d) Collecting numerical data through surveys

Answer 107

Answer: c) Observing behavior without predetermined questions

Question 108

Which research method allows participants to talk openly about a topic with little or no use of specific questions? a) Behavioral checklist b) Survey c) Interview d) Experimental design

Answer 108

Answer: c) Interview

Question 109

What is the main characteristic of data collection on an instrument or test? a) It involves open-ended discussions with participants b) It relies on statistical analysis of numerical data c) It uses a set of predefined questions or tasks to collect information d) It involves the researcher observing participants in their natural setting

Answer 109

Answer: c) It uses a set of predefined questions or tasks to collect information

Question 110

What type of research method is described by gathering information through open-ended observation of behavior? a) Interview b) Instrument or test c) Survey research d) Observation

Answer 110

Answer: d) Observation

Question 111

What is the primary factor in selecting a research approach? a) The personal preferences of the researcher b) The worldview, design, and methods that best fit the research problem c) The type of research journal available d) The availability of research funding

Answer 111

Answer: b) The worldview, design, and methods that best fit the research problem

Question 112

A research problem is typically derived from: a) Random selection of topics b) Voids, conflicts in research results, and topics neglected in the literature c) The researcher's personal interest only d) Popular societal trends

Answer 112

Answer: b) Voids, conflicts in research results, and topics neglected in the literature

Question 113

Which research approach is best for identifying factors that influence an outcome or testing a theory? a) Mixed methods b) Qualitative research c) Quantitative research d) Narrative inquiry

Answer 113

Answer: c) Quantitative research

Question 114

Qualitative research is best suited for: a) Testing a hypothesis b) Identifying predictors of outcomes c) Exploring a concept or phenomenon that is poorly understood d) Collecting numerical data

Answer 114

Answer: c) Exploring a concept or phenomenon that is poorly understood

Question 115

What is a typical characteristic of a mixed methods design? a) It relies only on statistical data b) It uses only open-ended questions c) It combines both quantitative and qualitative data d) It avoids using both types of data

Answer 115

Answer: c) It combines both quantitative and qualitative data

Question 116

What is one reason to choose a qualitative approach over quantitative? a) The research problem requires precise measurements and statistical analysis b) The research topic has been well studied with established theories c) The researcher is unfamiliar with the topic and aims to explore it in-depth d) The goal is to test an established hypothesis

Answer 116

Answer: c) The researcher is unfamiliar with the topic and aims to explore it in-depth

Question 117

If the research problem involves studying an under-researched sample, which approach would be most appropriate? a) Mixed methods b) Quantitative research c) Qualitative research d) Experimental research

Answer 117

Answer: c) Qualitative research

Question 118

A mixed methods design is most appropriate when: a) Either the quantitative or qualitative approach would be sufficient alone b) Both quantitative and qualitative data are necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem c) The focus is solely on numerical data d) The researcher does not need to generalize findings

Answer 118

Answer: b) Both quantitative and qualitative data are necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of the research problem

Question 119

Researchers with training in statistics are more likely to: a) Use a qualitative approach b) Use a mixed methods design c) Use a quantitative approach d) Avoid using formal research designs

Answer 119

Answer: c) Use a quantitative approach

Question 120

A researcher who enjoys storytelling and conducting personal interviews may prefer which approach? a) Mixed methods b) Qualitative research c) Quantitative research d) Experimental research

Answer 120

Answer: b) Qualitative research

Question 121

Which of the following describes a researcher who is skilled in both quantitative and qualitative research? a) A researcher who specializes in one field only b) A mixed methods researcher c) A researcher who only collects numerical data d) A researcher focusing on theoretical studies

Answer 121

Answer: b) A mixed methods researcher

Question 122

In quantitative research, which of the following is usually a feature? a) Open-ended questions with flexible responses b) Rigorous statistical analysis and structured procedures c) Unstructured data collection methods d) The researcher’s personal experiences heavily influencing the research

Answer 122

Answer: b) Rigorous statistical analysis and structured procedures

Question 123

Why might a qualitative approach be chosen for social justice or community involvement studies? a) To generalize findings to large populations b) To focus on individual perspectives and lived experiences c) To test theories with precise variables d) To avoid using interviews or personal narratives

Answer 123

Answer: b) To focus on individual perspectives and lived experiences

Question 124

Which type of writing style is often preferred by qualitative researchers? a) Statistical analysis reports b) Structured, impersonal writing c) Creative, literary-style writing d) Standardized questionnaire-based writing

Answer 124

Answer: c) Creative, literary-style writing

Question 125

For mixed methods research, a challenge is: a) Not needing to analyze data from both quantitative and qualitative perspectives b) The researcher needs to be skilled in both research methods c) A lack of data collection tools d) Collecting only qualitative data

Answer 125

Answer: b) The researcher needs to be skilled in both research methods

Question 126

What influences the choice of research approach besides the problem and methods? a) The researcher’s personal experiences and training b) The availability of research funding c) The researcher's desire to use innovative techniques d) The popular research trends in the field

Answer 126

Answer: a) The researcher’s personal experiences and training

Question 127

When choosing a research approach, a researcher must consider the: a) Amount of available literature on the topic b) Audience for the final research report c) Most recent technological tools for data collection d) Complexity of the theoretical framework

Answer 127

Answer: b) Audience for the final research report

Question 128

Which type of audience is more likely to favor quantitative research? a) Social justice organizations b) Faculty committees familiar with statistical data c) Research participants involved in open-ended interviews d) Journal editors focused on case studies

Answer 128

Answer: b) Faculty committees familiar with statistical data

Question 129

Mixed methods research is most useful when: a) The researcher aims to use a single type of data b) The research problem requires both broad generalization and deep individual understanding c) Only numerical data is available d) The problem has a well-established theory to test

Answer 129

Answer: b) The research problem requires both broad generalization and deep individual understanding

Question 130

If a researcher is aiming to generalize findings to a population and also explore individual meanings of a phenomenon, which approach would be best? a) Qualitative research b) Mixed methods research c) Quantitative research d) Narrative research

Answer 130

Answer: b) Mixed methods research

Question 131

A qualitative approach is best used when: a) The researcher aims to measure the relationship between variables b) There is a need to test a specific hypothesis c) The topic is not well understood and requires exploration d) Large-scale surveys are necessary

Answer 131

Answer: c) The topic is not well understood and requires exploration

Question 132

Researchers comfortable with highly structured research procedures are likely to choose: a) Qualitative research b) Experimental research c) Mixed methods research d) Quantitative research

Answer 132

Answer: d) Quantitative research

Question 133

A researcher trained in both quantitative and qualitative methods is well-suited to: a) Mixed methods research b) Only qualitative research c) Only quantitative research d) Experimental research

Answer 133

Answer: a) Mixed methods research

Question 134

When researching a new phenomenon with little existing literature, which approach is most suitable? a) Quantitative research b) Mixed methods research c) Qualitative research d) Experimental research

Answer 134

Answer: c) Qualitative research

Question 135

The personal training and experiences of the researcher may influence the choice of research approach in which way? a) It only affects how the results are interpreted b) It can affect whether the researcher prefers structured or flexible research designs c) It does not influence the approach choice d) It only affects the sample size

Answer 135

Answer: b) It can affect whether the researcher prefers structured or flexible research designs

Question 136

Which research approach is best for testing an existing theory? a) Qualitative research b) Quantitative research c) Mixed methods research d) Ethnographic research

Answer 136

Answer: b) Quantitative research

Question 137

What is a limitation of mixed methods research? a) The research lacks generalizability b) It requires more time and resources to collect and analyze data c) It can only be used for qualitative topics d) The research problem must be very specific

Answer 137

Answer: b) It requires more time and resources to collect and analyze data

Question 138

What audience typically expects quantitative research with rigorous statistical analysis? a) Journal editors in technical fields b) Community organizations c) Faculty committees and academic journals d) General public

Answer 138

Answer: c) Faculty committees and academic journals

Question 139

The qualitative researcher is typically drawn to: a) Using structured instruments to collect data b) Observing behavior in natural settings or conducting in-depth interviews c) Analyzing data using complex statistical techniques d) Testing existing theories or models

Answer 139

Answer: b) Observing behavior in natural settings or conducting in-depth interviews

Question 140

Which research approach is most likely to involve observing cultural patterns or long-term participant involvement? a) Case study b) Mixed methods c) Ethnography d) Quantitative research

Answer 140

Answer: c) Ethnography

Question 141

If a researcher is exploring how a community views a social issue, which approach would be most appropriate? a) Quantitative research b) Ethnographic research c) Mixed methods d) Survey research

Answer 141

Answer: b) Ethnographic research

Question 142

A researcher who prefers flexible and less structured methods might lean towards which approach? a) Quantitative research b) Experimental research c) Qualitative research d) Both qualitative and quantitative research

Answer 142

Answer: c) Qualitative research

Question 143

Which research approach would a researcher choose to understand both individual experiences and statistical patterns? a) Qualitative research b) Mixed methods research c) Quantitative research d) Experimental research

Answer 143

Answer: b) Mixed methods research

Question 144

What is one advantage of quantitative research over qualitative research? a) It allows for deeper understanding of participants’ emotions b) It can test hypotheses and generalize findings to larger populations c) It is more flexible in data collection d) It focuses on individual experiences

Answer 144

Answer: b) It can test hypotheses and generalize findings to larger populations

Question 145

Which of the following is most likely to be a personal preference that influences the choice of research approach? a) The researcher's comfort with certain statistical software b) The availability of research participants c) The theoretical framework chosen d) The researcher’s philosophical views on knowledge construction

Answer 145

Answer: d) The researcher’s philosophical views on knowledge construction

Question 146

When researchers are uncertain about what variables or questions to explore, which approach is often preferred? a) Mixed methods research b) Quantitative research c) Experimental research d) Qualitative research

Answer 146

Answer: d) Qualitative research

Question 147

What factor is most likely to influence the choice of research design based on the audience? a) Whether the audience expects a theoretical or empirical study b) Whether the study involves surveys or interviews c) The complexity of the statistical analysis required d) The researcher's training and experience

Answer 147

Answer: a) Whether the audience expects a theoretical or empirical study

Question 148

When research findings need both generalization and individual perspectives, which method is most effective? a) Qualitative research b) Quantitative research c) Mixed methods research d) Experimental research

Answer 148

Answer: c) Mixed methods research

Question 149

The quantitative researcher is often focused on: a) Creating a narrative from the participant’s stories b) Testing theories and hypotheses using structured tools c) Observing people in their natural environment d) Collecting open-ended responses to develop a theory

Answer 149

Answer: b) Testing theories and hypotheses using structured tools

Question 150

The personal experiences of a researcher with creative writing and interviews might influence them to select: a) Quantitative research b) Mixed methods research c) Qualitative research d) Experimental research

Answer 150

Answer: c) Qualitative research