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A Level Biology OCR > Chapter 3: Transport in animals > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Transport in animals Flashcards

1
Q

In 11 steps, outline the order into how ventilation in a fish happens

A
  1. Mouth opens
  2. Buccal cavity floor lowered
  3. this increase the volume + decreases the pressure of buccal cavity
  4. Water enters mouth down a pressure gradient
  5. Opercular cavity expands
  6. Buccal cavity floor raised
  7. Pressure inside buccal cavity = higher than opercular cavity
  8. Water moves from buccal cavity into opercular cavity
  9. Mouth closes and operculum opens
  10. Sides of opercular cavity move inwards, increasing pressure
  11. Water rushes out of fish through operculum
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2
Q

What is the function of the operculum?

A

To cover the gills - helps force water over gills surface

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3
Q

What’s the importance of folded lamellae?

A

Large surface area = short diffusion path

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4
Q

How does the counter current mechanism ensure that the maximum amount of oxygen passes into the blood?

A

Large SA of the lamellae - allows the blood and water to flow in opposite direction so gas exchange can occur over the entire surface

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5
Q

Describe inspiration (include the intercostal muscles and diaphragm)

A

External intercostal muscles contract - pulling ribcage upward and outward
Diaphragm contracts
Volume of thorax and lungs increases, reduced pressure and air moves down the pressure gradient

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6
Q

Compare relaxed expiration (RE) and forced expiration (FE)

A

In both, the internal intercostal muscles contract
In FE, abdominal muscles contract pushing diaphragm upwards while in RE, the diaphragm relaxes

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7
Q

Describe the function of cartilage

A

Rigid and flexible to prevent collapsing

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8
Q

Is smooth muscle found in the bronchioles and bronchus?

A

YES

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9
Q

Purpose of smooth muscle?

A

Constricts bronchioles and controls airflow

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10
Q

What do elastic fibres do?

A

Recoil if stretched

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11
Q
A
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11
Q

What’s the function of goblet cells?

A

To produce mucus to trap debris to be wafted by cilia

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12
Q

What do ciliated epithelium cells do?

A

Waft mucus

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13
Q

What’s the equation for the ventilation rate?

A

Tidal volume x breathing rate

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14
Q

Which factors affect the rate of diffusion across membranes?

A

Surface area to volume ratio and the thickness of the membrane

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15
Q

What’s the difference between an open and closed circulatory system?

A

Open - blood goes from the heart into a body cavity
Closed - blood travels from the heart in blood vessels

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16
Q

Define single circulation

A

Blood goes from the heart to the respiratory surface and then to the body

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17
Q

What’s the difference between partial double circulation and double circulation?

A

Double circulation - separate circulation to the respiratory surface and to the body
Partial - blood from a single ventricle enters a forked aorta for distribution to the body and gas exchange surface

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18
Q

Give an example of the type of organism that has a single, double and double partial circulation

A

Single - fish
Double - Mammals
Double partial - Amphibians

19
Q

Define haemolymph

A

Blood in an insect

20
Q

Why is single circulation inefficient?

A

Loss of pressure when blood goes through capillaries - oxygen and nutrients delivered at a slower rate - lower level of energy

21
Q

Why does being cold blooded mean that demand for O2 and nutrients will be lower?

A

Lower metabolic demand than a warm blooded animal
Don’t have to maintain body heat - lower respiration rate

22
Q

Describe the circulation of blood in the pulmonary circulation

A

Under lower pressure than systemic
Blood pumped to lungs for oxygenation
Right atrium and right ventricle
Pulmonary artery and pulmonary vein

23
Q

Describe the circulation of blood in the systemic circulation

A

Blood pumped to body tissues
High pressure - oxygen delivery quick

24
Q

Why is there a separate pulmonary and systemic circulation?

A

To keep oxygenated and deoxygenated blood separate and different pressures

25
Q

Describe the structure of an artery and their functions

A

Thick outer layer - collagen fibres: Protects blood vessel
Thick inner layer of muscle - elastin: Allows muscle to expand to maintain high pressure
Endothelium: Controls vascular relaxation and contraction
Narrow central lumen: Helps maintain high blood pressure

26
Q

What’s the key function of an artery?

A

To take blood away from the heart at a high pressure and redistribute oxygenated blood around the body

27
Q

Describe the function of capillaries

A

Remove waste products from blood
White blood cells can squeeze through the cell wall - tissue fluid

28
Q

Describe the structure of capillaries

A

Walls = 1 cell thick
narrow lumen = single file blood cells

29
Q

Describe the structure of veins

A

Thin outer layer
Endothelium
large lumen - low pressure

30
Q

Describe the function of veins

A

Carries deoxygenated blood towards heart

31
Q

Give two examples of plasma proteins

A

Albumin
Fibrinogen

32
Q

Define Oncotic pressure

A

The pressure exerted by the proteins in the blood plasma

33
Q

How does oncotic pressure work?

A

It draws tissue fluid back into capillaries by osmosis and vice versa - As the blood reaches the end of the capillary bed, the pressure in the capillary is lower than at the start, meaning that the oncotic pressure is higher so it draws out tissue fluid by osmosis

34
Q

What is the role of tissue fluid?

A

To transport oxygen and nutrients from the blood to the cells and carry CO2 back into the blood

35
Q

Define hydrostatic pressure

A

4.6 kPa - the pressure of the capillary

36
Q

What is ‘lymph’

A

Tissue fluid that has been drained into the lymph system

37
Q

Why would lipid concentration be high in the lymph draining the small intestine?

A

The villi absorb the lipid into the lymphatic system

38
Q

Why does the pressure in the heart rise at the first 0.1 second into a heartbeat?

A

The atrium contracts, increasing the pressure as it pushes blood into the left ventricle

39
Q

Cardiac muscle is myogenic, what does this mean?

A

It contracts within the tissue rhythmically

40
Q

Where is the bicuspid valve located?

A

Left side of the heart between atria and ventricle - two flaps

41
Q

Describe the tricuspid valve and where it’s located

A

Right side of the heart between atria and ventricle - three flaps

42
Q

Define systole and diastole

A

Systole: contraction of the muscle
Diastole: relaxation

43
Q

What is the sino-atrial-node also known as?

A

The pacemaker of the heart

44
Q
A

A Level Biology OCR (18 decks)

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