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A Level Biology OCR > Chapter 5.1.3: Neuronal communication > Flashcards

Chapter 5.1.3: Neuronal communication Flashcards

1
Q

What’s one difference between relay neurones and motor neurones?

A

Relay neurones don’t have a myelinated sheath as faster transmission is not needed (Schwann cells minimise electrical loss)

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2
Q

What do the specialised cells on receptor organs do?

A

Detect energy changes in the surroundings - known as energy transducers

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3
Q

What are the axon and the axon hillock?

A

Axon = carries nervous impulses away from the cell body
Axon hillock = specialised region of tissue which triggers the production of nervous impulses

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4
Q

How are neurons specialised to their function?

A

They’re long so they can transmit messages over long distances, they’re surrounded by a fatty sheath to insulate neurones and they have numerous dendrites to connect to other neurones

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5
Q

What is the name of the receptor cell for touch and what form of energy is it received in?

A

Meissners corpuscles - kinetic

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6
Q

What is the name of the receptor cell for smell and what form of energy is it received in?

A

Olfactory cells - chemical

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7
Q

What is the name of the receptor cell for temperature and what form of energy is it received in?

A

Ruffins ending - thermal

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8
Q

What is the name of the receptor cell for pressure and what form of energy is it received in?

A

Pacinian corpuscles - kinetic

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9
Q

What is the name of the receptor cell for placement of limbs and what form of energy is it received in?

A

Proprioceptors - mechanical displacement

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10
Q

What is the name of the receptor cell for balance and what form of energy is it received in?

A

Semicircular canals hair cells - kinetic

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11
Q

What’s the resting potential of the neurone’s membrane?

A

-65mv

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12
Q

Define spatial summation

A

two or more presynaptic neurones converge and release their NT at the same time onto the same post synaptic membrane

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13
Q

Define temporal summation

A

two or more action potentials arrive in quick succession from the same presynaptic neurone

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14
Q

In six steps, outline the process of synaptic transmission

A
  1. action potential arrives = voltage gated calcium ion channels open
  2. Influx of calcium ions = presynaptic vesicles to move toward the membrane and fuse - releasing NT into synaptic cleft.
  3. NT diffuses across cleft and binds to subunits that bind to the receptor - opens sodium ion channels on post synaptic membrane.
  4. Sodium ions flood into post synaptic membrane - excitatory post synaptic membrane.
  5. NT broken down so that continual simulation of the PSM does not happen by enzyme
  6. Broken down NT re enter presynaptic membrane by diffusion - using ATP they are recombined in secretory vesicles
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15
Q

Define inhibitory

A

Hyperpolarise post-synaptic membrane - prevents AP being generated

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16
Q

Define excitatory

A

Depolarise post- synaptic membrane - trigger AP

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17
Q

Describe the 3 ways that drugs and poisons affect the synapse

A
  1. Blocking NT receptors so AP’s aren’t generated
  2. Preventing the removal of NT from the synaptic cleft
  3. Destroying enzymes which breakdown the NT
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18
Q

Name the poison obtained from plants, acting as a muscle relaxant and blocking Acetylcholine receptors

A

Curane

19
Q

How does cocaine affect the Nervous system?

A

Causes Noradrenaline to persist in synaptic cleft - blocks reuptake channels

20
Q

How does Sanin affect the Nervous system?

A

Destroys enzymes, inhibits Acetylcholinesterase - Acetylcholine builds up in cleft
Death occurs by asphyxiation

21
Q

What is the name of the toxic chemical that is used in rat poison, destroys Acetylcholinerase - leading to continual AP’s generated = convulsions = death?

A

Strychnine

22
Q

Name the 6 components of the nervous system

A

CNS, peripheral, autonomic, somatic, parasympathetic, sympathetic

23
Q

What are the 2 components of the CNS?

A

Brain and spinal cord

24
Q

What does the peripheral nervous system do?

A

Consists of sensory and motor neurones to carry impulses from receptors to CNS and impulses from CNS to effectors

25
Q

What’s one difference between the somatic and autonomic nervous system?

A

Somatic = voluntary and autonomic = usually involuntary

26
Q

What state should the body be in when resting/digesting?

A

Parasympathetic

27
Q

What state does the sympathetic nervous system cause the body to be in?

A

Fight/flight

28
Q

What’s the name of the membrane that surrounds the brain and what’s its purpose?

A

Meninges membrane - secretes cerebral spinal fluid to act as a shock absorber

29
Q

What’s the purpose of neurones?

A

To transmit action potentials

30
Q

Give an example of a glial cell

A

Schwann cells

31
Q

What NT is used in the parasympathetic nervous system?

A

Acetylcholine

32
Q

What two NTs are used in the sympathetic nervous system?

A

Noradrenaline and acetylcholine

33
Q

Where in the spinal cord do nerves leave from when the sympathetic nervous system is activated

A

all the way down

34
Q

Where is the medulla oblongata and what does it do?

A

Top of the spinal cord - Part of the brain that regulates breathing and HR

35
Q

How does the medulla oblongata carry out its function?

A

Sends out messages via the autonomic nervous system which cause the diaphragm and intercostal muscles to contract and relax regularly

36
Q

What is the cerebellum involved in?

A

control and coordination of movement and posture

37
Q

Where does the cerebellum receive information from?

A

CNS and sensory neurones

38
Q

What does the diencephalon consist of?

A

Hypothalamus and thalamus

39
Q

What does the hypothalamus do and how?

A

connected to pituitary gland - controls temperature - sends messages to the autonomic nervous system to control shivering and sweating

40
Q

Stating the stimulus, receptor, CNS response, effector and response, describe what happens to prevent damage to the eye

A

Stimulus - something touches the eye, receptor - sensory nerve endings in cornea, CNS - sensory neurone synapses with a relay neurone and then a motor neurone, effector - Orbicularis oculi muscles contract to shut the eyelid, response - eyelids close to protect eye

41
Q

Stating the stimulus, receptor, CNS response, effector and response, describe what happens when testing the knee reflex

A

Stimulus - quad muscles stretched, receptor, stretch receptors, CNS - sensory neurone synapses directly with a motor neurone , effector - quads contract, response - lower leg straightens

42
Q

What part of the brain do simple reflex arcs involve?

A

The unconscious part

43
Q

Give three ways that reflexes benefit our survival

A

They’re innate, fast, involuntary

44
Q

What are three physical responses of fight/flight?

A

Increase in HR/stroke volume, constricting of blood vessels near skin/digestive tract and relaxation of smooth muscle

A Level Biology OCR (18 decks)

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