Chapter 3 Vocab

Question 1

a chemical compound containing carbon

Answer 1

organic compound

Question 2

a giant molecule formed by the joining of smaller molecules, usually by a dehydration reaction, polysaccaharides, proteins and nucleic acids are macromolecules

Answer 2

macromolecules

Question 3

the bonding capacity of a given atom; the number of covalent bonds an atom can form usually equals the number of unpaired electrons in its outermost (valence) shell

Answer 3

valence

Question 4

an organic molecule consisting of only carbon and hydrogen

Answer 4

hydrocarbons

Question 5

a specific configuration of atoms commonly attached to the carbon skeletons of organic molecules and involved in chemical reactions

Answer 5

functional groups

Question 6

an adenine-containing nucleoside triphosphate that releases free energy when its phosphate bonds are hydrolyzed. This energy is used to drive endergonic reactions in cells

Answer 6

adenosine triphosphate ATP

Question 7

a long molecule consisting of similar or identical monomers linked together by covalent bonds

Answer 7

polymer

Question 8

the subunit that serves as the building block of a polymer

Answer 8

monomers

Question 9

a macromolecule serving as a catalyst, a chemical agent that increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction. Most enzymes are proteins

Answer 9

enzymes

Question 10

a chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Answer 10

dehydration reaction

Question 11

a chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the additon of water; functions in disassembly of polymers to monomers

Answer 11

hydrolysis

Question 12

a sugar (monosaccaharide) or one of its dimers (disaccaharides) or polymers (polysaccaharides)

Answer 12

carbohydrates

Question 13

the simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccaharides or polysaccaharides. Also known as simple sugars, monosaccaharides have molecular formulas that are generally some multiple of CH2O.

Answer 13

monosaccharides

Question 14

a double sugar, consisting of two monosaccaharides joined by glycosidic linkage formed by a hydration reaction

Answer 14

disaccharide

Question 15

a covalent bond formed between two monosaccaharides by a dehydration reaction

Answer 15

glycosidic linkage

Question 16

a polymer of many monosaccaharides formed by dehydration reactions

Answer 16

polysaccarides

Question 17

a storage polysaccaharide in plants consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by a glycosodic linkages

Answer 17

starch

Question 18

an extensively branched glucose storage polysaccaharide found in the liver and muscle of animals the animal equivalent of starch

Answer 18

glycogen

Question 19

a structural polysaccaharide

Answer 19

cellulose

Question 20

a structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeleton of all arthropods

Answer 20

chitin

Question 21

any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids and steroids, that mix poorly if at all with water

Answer 21

lipids

Question 22

a lipid consisting of three fattya cids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

Answer 22

fat

Question 23

a carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain; fatty acids vary in length and in the number and location of double bonds; three fatty acids linked to a glycerol molecule form a fat molecule, also known as a triacylglycerol or triglyceride

Answer 23

fatty acid

Question 24

a lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule; also called a fat or triglyceride

Answer 24

triacylglycerol

Question 25

a fatty acid in which all carbons in the hydrocarbon tail are connected by single bonds, thus maximizing the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

Answer 25

saturated fatty acid

Question 26

fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbons in the hydrocarbon tail. Such bonding reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton.

Answer 26

unsaturated fatty acid

Question 27

a lipid made up of glycerol joined to 2 fatty acids and a phosphate group. The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as nonpolar, hydrophobic tails, while the rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head.; form bilayers that function as biological membranes

Answer 27

phospholipid

Question 28

a steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as many hormones

Answer 28

cholesterol

Question 29

a chemical agent that selectively increases the rate of a reaction without being consumed by the reaction.

Answer 29

catalysts

Question 30

A chain of amino acids linked together by peptide bonds or dehydration reactions

Answer 30

polypeptides

Question 31

a biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific 3D structure

Answer 31

protein

Question 32

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group; serve as monomers of polypeptides

Answer 32

amino acid

Question 33

the covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by dehydration reaction

Answer 33

peptide bond

Question 34

a type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached

Answer 34

steroids

Question 35

the level of protein structure referring to the specific linear sequence of amino acids

Answer 35

primary structure

Question 36

regions of repetitive coiling or folding of the polypeptide backbone of a protein due to hydrogen bonding between constituents of the backbone (not the side chains).

Answer 36

secondary structure

Question 37

a coiled region constituting one form of the secondary structure of proteins, arising from a specific pattern of hydrogen bonding between the atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains)

Answer 37

alpha helix

Question 38

one of the secondary structure of proteins in which the polypeptide chain fold back and forth. 2 regions of the chain lie parallel to each other and are held together by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone (not the side chains).

Answer 38

beta pleated sheet

Question 39

The overall shape of a protein molecule due to interactions of amino acid side chains, including hydrophobic interactions, ionic bonds, hydrogen bonds, and disulfide bridges

Answer 39

tertiary structure

Question 40

a type of weak chemical interaction caused when molecules that do not mix with water coalesce to exclude water

Answer 40

hydrophobic interaction

Question 41

a strong covalent bond formed when the sulfur of one cysteine monomer bonds to the sulfur of another cysteine monomer

Answer 41

disulfide bridges

Question 42

the particular shape of a complex, aggregate protein, defined by the characteristic 3D arrangement of its constituent subunits, each a polypeptide

Answer 42

quaternary structure

Question 43

a recessively inherited human blood disorder in which a single nucleotie change in the Bglbin gene causes hemoglobin to aggreagate changing red blood cell shape and causing muptiple symptoms in affected individuals

Answer 43

sickle-cell disease

Question 44

in proteins, a process in which a protein loses its native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming Biologically inactive; in DNA, the separation of the two strands of the double helix. Occurs under extreme (noncellular) conditions of pH, salt concentration or temperature

Answer 44

denaturation

Question 45

a technique used to study the three dimensional structure of molecules. It depends on the diffraction of an xray beam by the individual atoms of a crystallized molecule

Answer 45

xray crystallagraphy

Question 46

a discrete unit of hereditary information consisting of a specific nucleotide sequence in DNA (or RNA, in some viruses)

Answer 46

gene

Question 47

a polymer (polynucleotide) consisting of many nucleotide monomers; serves as a blueprint for proteins and, through the actions of proteins, for all cellular activities. the 2 types of nucleic acid are DNA and RNA

Answer 47

nucleic acid

Question 48

deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) a double-stranded, helical nucleic acid molecule, consisting of nucleotide monomers with a deoxyribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G) and thymine (T); capable of being replicated and determining the inherited structure of a cell's proteins

Answer 48

DNA

Question 49

a type of nucleic acid consisting of a polynucleotide made up of nucleotide monomers with a ribose sugar and the nitrogenous bases adenine (A), cytosine (C), guanine (G), and uracil (U); usually single-stranded; functions in protein synthesis, gene regulation, and as the genome of some viruses

Answer 49

RNA

Question 50

a polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucelotides can be those of DNA or RNA.

Answer 50

polynucleotides

Question 51

the building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a 5 carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one or more phosphate groups

Answer 51

nucleotides

Question 52

1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6-membered ring. Cytosine (C), thymine (T) and uracil (U) are examples of these.

Answer 52

pyridimine

Question 53

1 of 2 types of nitrogenous bases found in nucleotides, characterized by a 6-membered ring fused with a 5-membered ring. Adenine (A) and guanine (G) are examples of these.

Answer 53

purines

Question 54

deoxyribose the sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having 1 of fewer hydroxyl group than ribose, the sugar component of the RNA nucleotide

Answer 54

deoxyribose

Question 55

the sugar component of RNA nucleotides

Answer 55

ribose

Question 56

the form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent antiparallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary axis into a spiral shape

Answer 56

double helix

Question 57

referring to the arrangement of the sugar phosphate backbones in a DNA double helix (they run in opposite 5' to 3' directions)

Answer 57

antiparallel