Get Ready For Bio Book Flashcards
0
Q
Three learning styles
A
Visual, auditory, tactile
1
Q
The study of life
A
Biology
2
Q
Learner that relies on visual cues
A
Visual learner
3
Q
Learners that learn from traditional lecture and discussion
A
Auditory learner
4
Q
Learn best by actively participatingand doing hands on activities
A
Tactile learner
5
Q
You should study for at least how many hours for every hour spent in class.
A
Two or three
6
Q
When you think about the material as you are reading it you are an
A
Active learner
7
Q
Reading often produces memorization. Active studying produces what
A
Understanding
8
Q
SQR3
A
Survey Question Read Recite Review
9
Q
How can you slow yourself down when taking a multiple choice or true/false test?
A
Cover your answers with your hand while you read the question. Look when you have an answer in your head
10
Q
Results collected from experiments
A
Data
11
Q
The internal processes of living organisms
A
Physiology
12
Q
The answer to an equation
A
Product
13
Q
In division the number being divided is
A
The dividend
14
Q
The number by which it is divided is the
A
Divisor
15
Q
In division the total is the
A
Quotient
16
Q
In biology the term normal means
A
Average….
17
Q
Another term for average is
A
Mean
18
Q
Using the mean helps to minimize the error from
A
Individual triAls
19
Q
A micrometer equals
A
1/1000 of a millimeter
20
Q
Define coefficient in math
A
In scientific notation, place the decimal after the first digit and drop the zeroes
21
Q
10 to the 9th
A
Billions
22
Q
10 to the -6
A
Millionths
23
Q
Expresses a relationship between two or more numbers
A
Ratio , can use a colon, a fraction or the word 2, decimals or percents
24
Statements of equal ratos
Proportions
25
If two ratios are equal, their cross products are
Equal
26
Metric measure of length
Meter
27
Metric measure of mass
Kilogram
28
Metric measure of volume
Liter
29
Metric measure of temperature
Degree of celcius
30
Cells are microscopic and best measured in small units called
Micrometer or 1 milionth of a meter
31
Metric prefixes with exponent greater than zero
Deka hecto kilo mega giga
32
Metric prefixes with exponent less than 0
Deci centi milli micro nano pico
33
Tell me about the paper clip and why it is useful
Mass 1 g
Width 1 cm
Wire diameter 1mm
34
When converting within metric units, put the units in scientific notTion and subtract the smaller exponent from the larger one. The difference is how many
Spaces the decimal will move in your coefficient
35
When converting within metric units. If you are converting from small units to larger ones, the number gets
Smaller so the decimal moves to the left.
36
The actual amount of something , closely related to weightbut weight takes into account the force of gravity.
Mass
37
Mass will be constant but weight willvary with
Gravity
38
Mass can be measured with a digital scale that measures in grams but often in labs we use a
Trip,e beambalance
39
Thr amount of space a substance occupie
Volume
40
The dip of fluid in a graduated cylinder is the
Meniscus read from its bottom
41
A pictoral view of data
GrAph
42
When reading a graph read the title first then
The axes, the key, and labels. Then take in relationships
43
Bio terms come from what language
Latin and Greek
44
What is an abbreviation
A shortened form of a word
45
What is an acronym
Word formed from key letters of each word
46
Define eponym
Terms that include someone's name
47
The first step in learning biology
Learning the vocabulRy
48
Terms where the name is closely relAted to its meanin
Descriptive terms
49
Ology meAns
The study of
50
Review prefixes page 103 to 125
Review
51
Review singular plural p 128
Review
52
Before you start a chapter in biology, learn and understand
The vocabulary and how it is built
53
The scientific study ofthe interactions between organisms and their environment
Ecology
54
Explain form fits function
A parts structure reflects the job it does
55
Where do plant cells get the energy they use for work
From the sun
56
How many major categories of bacteria are there
Two
57
The process that results in the evolution of adaptive traits in groups of organisms
Evolution
58
Begins at the simplest level of structural organization and ends at the most complex
```
The biological hierarchy of organization:
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organelle
Cell
Tissue
Organ
Organ system
Organism
Population
Community
Ecosystem
Biosphere
```
59
The largest and most complex level encompassing the environments thatare inhabited by life
Biosphere
60
The bottom three levels also a part of chemistry
Atom
Molecule
Macromolcule
61
The organelle and cell are covered by anither science discipline
See table 3.1 could it be cytology or cell biology
62
What branch of science covers the ecosystem
See table 3.1 ecology?
63
Study of organ, organsystem, organism
Anatomy and physiology
64
All matter is made up of
Chemical elements
65
Smallest piece of n element
Atom
66
Atoms unite to form
Molecules
67
Provide the nutrients and building materials living organisms need to stay alive and healthy and they participate in chemical reactions that do all the work performd by those organisms
Atoms
Molecules
Macromolecules
68
Macromolecules can unite to form complex structures called
Organelles
69
Crry out functions inside cells
Organelles
70
Contain the combination of organelles necessary to sustain life
Cells ... The first level of organization that we consider to be alive
71
Groups of cells organized to perform a common function
Tissue
72
Tissues orgqnized into a larger functnal unit
Organ
73
Multiple organs combined
Organ systm
74
Localized group of organisms belonging to same species
Population
75
Populations of different species living in the same area
Biological community
76
Interactions between living organisms in a community and the nonliving features of the environment such as sunlight and water
Ecosystem
77
The ole is greater than the sum of its parts explains the concept of a
System
78
Cell, organisms and ecosystmes are all examples of systems..., true or false.
True
79
The lowest level of structure that has the ability to,perform all the activities necessary for life including reproduction
Cell
80
Single cell organism also called
Unicellular organism
81
Basis of reproduction, growth and repair
Ability of cells to divide to form new cells
82
Chemical material of gnes
Dna
83
Units of inheritance that transmit information from parents to offspring
Genes
84
Two types of cells
Prokaryotic and eukaryotic
85
Cells lacking in internal membrnes and therefore not able to have an enclosed nucleus
Pro (before) karyotic (nucleus) they are unicellular and microscopic . One example bacteria.
86
Nucleus encloses the cells dna
Eu (true) karyotic (nucleus). These cells also have organelles.
87
Relatively constant internal environment
Homeostasis " to stay the same".... Maintaing the right balance of conditions within an organism
88
Most work done within an organism is the result of
Chemical reactions ... They occur most efficiently if there is a relatively constant temperature, the right amount of water, the right amountof chemicals,
89
If the body cools too much, chemical reactions ill occur
More slowly
90
If body temperature gets too hot chemical reactions
Speedup and some chemicals may be destroyed
91
Living organisms are composed mostly of
Water
92
The mail component of human cells and blood
Water
93
If th body has too little water
Nutrients can not be adequately transported to your cells and wastes acculumate to toxic levels.your cells work less efficiently and die
94
If the body has too much water
Brain cells swell and death can occur
95
Both problems have a solution. Because the problems are opposite so are the solutions,.both solutions stop once theproblem is corrected ... They are self limiting. This kind of control is called
Negativfeedback... Te most common control mechanism in animal physiology and th way the body maintains homeostasis
96
The control system by which animal bodies correct errors and restore health
Negative feedback
97
The ultimate purpose of our existence
Reproduction
98
Sum of genetic characters passed from parents to offspring
Inheritance
99
Inherited information in the form of what enables organisms to reproduce their own kind
Dna
100
The ability to do work
Energy
101
Energy is used by cells to
Move, grow, reproduce, ec
102
All the chemical reactions thattake place in a cell
Metabolism
103
Cells that can harness the power of the sun can perform
Photosynthesis
104
Solar enery convertd to the chemical energy contained in sugars
Photosynthesis
105
Cells that cannot perform photosynthesis use chmical energy obtained from
Photwynthetic cells
106
Most ecosystems are run on solar power comcertd to chemical energy y plants and
Other photosynthetic cells... Producer
107
Organisms that feed on plants directly or indirctly
Consumers
108
In the ecosystem, ener flows from sunlight to producers to consumers in the process some energy is lost as
Heat
109
Living is work and word requires that organisms
Obtain and use energy
110
Extra energy is stored in the body as
Fat
111
All living things reuse
Both energy and materials
112
Camoflage is an example of
Evolutionary adaptation
113
An inherited trait that helps the organisms ability to survive and reproduce in its particular environment
Adaptation
114
How do mantids and other organismsadapt to their environments
Variations among individuals in a population
115
If a particular variation is helpful, individuals with the variation may live longer and produce more offspring than those that did not have it
Natural selection
116
The mechanism by which evolution occurs
Natural selection
117
How many species identified
1.8 million identified .... Probably 10 to 200 million
118
Explain biodiversity
290000 plants
52000 vertebrates
1000000 insects (more than half of pwn life
Vast variety of life
119
Branch of biology that names and classifies species
Taxonomy
120
Until last decade there were how many main groups or kingdoms
Five... Plant, animal, ....dna now suggests 6 8 or more....some suggest three
Bacteria
Archaea
Eukarya(plantar, fungi, animalia, protists)
121
Two do ains with prokaryotic cells
Bacteria and archaea .... In the old system they were one
122
Word science means
To know
123
Two main scientific approaches
Discovery science and hpothesis drivenscience
124
The data of discovery science
Verifisble observations and measurements
125
What distinguishes science from belief in supernaturAl
Dependence on observations that other people can confirm
126
Discovery science csn lead to important conclusions based on what type of logic
Inductive reasoning
127
A generalization that summarizes many concurrent observations
Inductive reasoning
128
Comprehensive explanations supported by abundant evidence
Theories (not speculation like the way we use it in conversation)
129
Scientific method steps
1) make observation
2) ask a question
3) suggest an explanation or hypothesis
4) make a prediction
5) devise and perform a test
6) possibly rework hypothesis and prediction based on results of test
130
Key element of the method that drives most modern science
Hypothetico-deductive reasoning or hypothesis driven science
131
A tentative answer to some e question , an explanation on trial, an educated guess
Hypothesis
132
Reasoning from a set of specific observations to reach a general conclusion
Induction
133
Reasoning flows from general to specific
Deduction .... Usually takes the form of predictions about what outcomes of experiments we should expect
134
Basic unit of a chemical substance
Atom
135
Anything that has weight and occupies space
Matter
136
Three most common states of matter
Solid liquid gas
137
What subatomic particles interact during chemical reactions
Electrons,
Protons
Neutrons
138
Three common types of chemical bonds
Ionic
Covalent
Hydrogen
139
What happens in anabolic reactions
Larger molecules are made
140
What is meant by organic molecule
Contains both C and H
141
Are proteins organic or inorganic
Organic
142
All matter is composed of
Elements
143
How many elements are recognized
110 with 90 occuring naturally on earth, dome occur in pure form (helium, neon) but must occur combined with other elements
144
Living organisms require about how many elements
20
145
By weight 95% of the human body is composed of four elements
Carbon
Hydrogen
Oxygen
Nitrogen
146
Each chemical is represented by a symbol typically
The first one or two letters of the elements name.
147
If more than one element name begins with the same letter, the most common of these elements usually gets the
Single letter symbol
148
Atoms are made of smaller units called
Subatomic particles
149
The nucleus of an atom is not a structure. True or false
True
150
In an atoms nucleus we find two types of relatively large subatomic particles called
Protons and neutrons - have a similar size and about the same mass.
151
Positively charged paricle
Protons
152
No electrical charge
Neutrons
153
Orbit around the nucleus and are in constant motion, carry a negative charge
Electrons
154
Nucleus always has what kind of charge
Positive
155
The number of negatively charged electronsorbiting the nucleus equals the umber of protons in the nucleus. True or false
True
156
Is an atom positive negative or neutral.
Neutral
157
Multiple paths that electrons travel
Orbitals
158
Electrons circle around the nucleus at different energy levels each of which is called a
Shell
159
The first shell is closest to the
Nucleus
160
First shell can accomodate
Two electrons
161
The number offotons in an individual atom of that element
Atomic number
162
In order for atoms to be of the same element they must have the same number of
Protons
163
The total mass of a single atom of that element
Atomic mass/atomic weight
164
Mass of one proton or one neutron
Atomic mass unit or 1u.
165
Number of protons plus number of neutrons equals
Atomic weight
166
Atoms of the same element with different weights
Isotopes
167
Some isotopes are rAdioactive meaning they emit certain types of
Energy
168
All chemical elements listed in the table
Peridic table of elements
169
Each square on periodoc table shows what
Atomic number, chemical symbol, atomic weight(mass)
170
The periodic table is organized by
Atomic number
171
Rows on the table are called
Periods. Each row represents a shell of electrons.
172
Columns on the table are called
Groups, each group represents how many electrons in outermost shell.
173
When two atoms come together the first part to make contact is
The outer shell
174
The number of protons in all atoms of a particular element is
Constant
175
What determines an atoms chemical reactivity
The electrons in the outermost shell
176
Shells can have multiple subshells. The outermost subshell is called the
Valancy shell....contains at most 2 electrons for helium or 8 for all other elements. If the outermost shell has max number of electrons, the atom is amazingly stable.
177
Will not easily react with other atoms
Inert....last column of table. The atoms in all other columns lack a full outer shell.
178
Unstable atoms gain lose or share electrons with orher unstable atoms until
They become stable
179
All atoms that have gained or lost electrons carry an electrical charge and are called
Ions
180
Ions of opposite charges
Attract each other and form ionic bonds
181
How does an ionic bond form
When atoms gain or lose electrons forming oppositely charged ions that are drawn together by their charges
182
Two atoms share electrons in their outer shells to become stable
Covalent bond (full valancy shells)
183
Elents closer to thesides of the table are more likely to form
Ionic bonds
184
Elements toward the moddle of the table more likely to form
Covalent bonds
185
A weak bond that can form between hydrogen atoms in one molecule and sone atoms in other molecules
Hydrogen bond
186
Slight charge imbalance
Polarity
187
Polar molecules can form
Weak hydrogen bonds
188
Disolves in another substance
Solute
189
What is Solvent
.
190
Sticks to surfaces well
Adhesion
191
Molecules stick to each other
Cohesion
192
A molecule on which there is an uneven charge distribution across the molecule resulting in slightly positive and slightly negative charges
Polar molecule
193
When two or more atoms of the same element bind they form a
Molecule of thT element
194
If atoms of different elements bind the substsnce is called
A compound
195
Tells you what a molecule is made of
Molecular formula
How many peces are in molecule
But not
How they are hooked together that would be the structural formula
196
Difference between molecule and compound
Molecule 2 or more atoms join, if they are from different elements the substance is a compound
197
All activities that occur within living organisms start with
Chemical reactions
198
In a chemical equayion the substance to the left of an arrow
Reactants...to th right is the product
199
Many reactions are reversible meaning
They can go in either direction
200
Three types of reactions
Synthesis, decomposition, exchange
201
Reactions that build
Synthesis or anabolic
202
Reaction in which larger structures are broken down into smaller parts
Decomposition reactions or catabolic reactions
203
Rewction to swap pieces , split apart and recombine in a new way
Exchange reactions
204
Main categories of organic compounds are
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Nucleic acids
205
Chemicals that do not contsin both hydrogen and carbon
Inorganic compounds
206
Liquid between a cells membrane and nucleus
Cytoplasm
207
Main difference between plant and animal cell
Plant cells have cell walls
208
What types of molecules make up a cell membrane
Phospholipids, proteins, cholesterol, and some carbohydrates
209
Ribosome function
Build protein
210
Molecules that can pass easily through cell membrane
Lipid soluable molecules
211
Movement of molecules from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
Diffusion
212
What moves during osmosis
Water
213
What happens during mitosis?
The nuclear contents divide.
214
Study of cells
Cell biology or cytology
215
Who came up with the name cell
Robert hooke while studying cork
216
Principles of cell theory
1. All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
2. Cells are basic structural and functional units of life
3. All vital functions of an organism occur within cells
4. All cells come from preexisting cells
5. Cells contain hereditary info that regulates cell functions and is passed from generation to generation.
217
Humans have how many different cell types in our bodies
Over 200 different types
218
The basic structural and functional units of life
Cells
219
Ends with cell dividing to produce two daughter cells
The normal cell cycle
220
What is nucleoid
.
221
What are plasmids
.
222
All animal and plant cells are
Eukaryotic cells
223
A nucleoid is on,y found in
Pro karyotic cells .
224
Helps achieve goal of homeostasis is
Cell embrane or plasma membrane
225
Cell membrane made of
Phospholipid molecules with phosphate head which is hydrophilic, and fatty acid tails the reason why the molecule is a lipid. Lipids are hydrophobic.
226
The cell has an inside and an outside and bith contain
Water
227
Difference between hydrophilic and hydrophobic
.
228
Basic structure of phospholipid bilayer
The hydrophilic phosphate heads are arranged in teo layers so they face the water in the extracellular fluid and in the cytoplasm. The hydrophobic tails are sandwiched in the middle out of contact with the water
229
Cell membrane is
Semi permeable
230
Eukaryotic cells contain
Cytoplasm and a nucleus
231
Liquid part of cytoplasm
Cytosol
232
Largest organelle
Nucleus which houses dna with thebinstructions on how to make a specific protein
233
All cells in an animals body contain two copies of each gene
One from each parent
234
Dna is organiEd into thread
| Ike strands called
Chromatin that condense into rodlike structures called chromosomes
235
Dna determines all the proteins at can be made by any cell but
Only certain proteins are made by each tyyoe of cell
236
The nucleus is enclosed in a
Nuclear envelope made up of a double membrane pierced periodically by nuclear pores
237
Jellylike liqud inside nuclear membrane
Nucleoplasm
238
Tiny organelle responsible for assembling protein
Ribosome during protein synthesis uses RNA after being called by messenger mrna
239
Ribodomal rrna is actually made inside
The nucleud at the nucleolus
240
Proteins are made in the ribosome by linking together small molecules called
Amino acids
241
An extensive network of membranus tubes and channels inside the cell
Endoplasmic reticulum .... Connects different parts of cell and provides communication network within cell.
242
Stack of flattened membranous sacs used for processing packaging and shipping in cell
Golgi apparatus...chemically tags where to go
243
Saclike structure
Vesicle
244
In a eukaryotic cell where would you find ribodomes
May be free floating in the cytoplasm or attached to endoplasmic reticulum
245
Functional relationship of parts of cell
Nucleus houses dna
Dna has instructions on how to build protein
Protein built at ribosome in nucleolus
Many ribosomes are on rough er
Protein moves into golgi
Golgi processes packages ships to destination
246
Cells powerhouse
Mitochondria the constant supply of energy to drive cell work
247
Cellular energy comes from
Food where it is stored in chemical bonds that hold food atoms together.
248
Specialized chemical reactions in mitochondria harness energy and store it
In a molecule called atp
249
Mitichondria are
Unique organelles that contain their own genetic information and can reproduce. These elongated organelles are enclosed by a double membrane similar to a nuclear membrane.
250
In mitochondria describe outer and inner membrane
Outer membrane is smooth but inner membrane is highly folded.
251
Green plants contsin unique organelles called
Chloroplasts which contain their own dna and can reproduce
252
Chloroplast parts
```
Inner membrane
Outer membrane
Space between membranes
Stroma fluid in chloroplast
Granum disks
```
253
Cells janitorial staff, small membranous bag containing strong digestive enzymes
Lysosomes break down material
254
Outer cell partition
Cell membrane
255
Inside holds cell up
Cytoskeleton
256
Tiny tubes in cytoskeleton
Microtubules. Thesecand microfilaments are made of proteins.
257
Area of the cell composed of paired cylindrical structures made of microtubules
Centrosome or central body, structures are called centrioles
258
Direct movement of chromosomes when a cell reproduces
Centrioles which also form part of two other structures cilia and flagella
259
Fringe on cell
Cilia, mobile extensions of cell, move in wavelike manner
260
Single long tail like extension of cell
Flagellum....humans only on sperm cell
261
Atoms and molecules constsntly move in a random mNner
Brownian motion ... Nondirectional jiggly
262
Review cell organelle list
P224
263
Exists whenever there is a difference between concentrations of the moleculevin teo areas
Concentration gradient
264
Equal space between all molecules
Equilibrium
265
Basic type of molecular movement
Simple diffusion moving from area of higher concentration to lower concentration
266
Whenever there is a concentration gradient molecules will spontaneously
Move down the concentration gradient
267
The rate at which molecules diffuse varies under different conditions. Molecules diffuse faster when there is a greater
Concentration gradient between the two areas.
268
Molecules in high concentrations diffuse
Faster than those in lower concentrations.
269
Snaller molecules move
Faster than larger molecules.
270
Increwased temperature increases
Diffusion rate
271
Only what can diffuse directly through the cell membrane
Lipid soluble nonpolar molecules
272
Larger polar molecules such as glucose cannot
Diffuse through membrane as easily. Instead they are moved by a special protein carrier molecule in the cell membrane. This is facilitated diffusion.
273
Passive progress by which moleculesspontaneously move fromwhere they are in high concentration to where they are in low concentration
Diffusion
274
Special type of diffusion
Osmosis
275
Material that gets disolved
Solute
276
Material that dissolves the solute.
Solvent. Resu,t is solution.
277
The more concentrated the solute the less concentrated the
Solvent(water)
278
Molecules never stop moving even after
Reaching equilibrium
279
Each of your cells has two solutions separated by a semipermeable membrane
Extracellular fluid outside cell and intracellular fluid inside the cell. Crll membrane is semipermeable not fully permeable
280
By osmosis water diffuses it moves down its concentration gradient from where it is in
Highest concentration to where it is in lower concentration
281
Iv fluids should have the same water concentration as intracelular fluids so that the water will be at equilibrium
Isotonic
282
Moving molecules against concentration gradient is called
Active transport
283
In active transport one way doorways in the cell membrane are called
Molecular pumps
284
Method by which golgi expels vesicles
Exocytosis
285
Cell takes in rather large objects or liquid with dissolved materials
Endocytosis
286
Three types of endocytosis
Phagocytosis, receptor mediated endocytosis, pinocytosis
287
Process by which solids are moved into your cells sonetimes called cell eating
Phagocytosis
288
Extensions of cell membrane
Pseudopodia or false feet
289
Extensions fuse and form memranous sac moving inward
Phagosome
290
Why do lysosomes fuse with phagosome
Lysosomes contain enzymes that will break down the contents of the phagosome rendering potential threats harmless and recycking materials that are then made to the cell for reuse.
291
What is receptor mediated endocytosis
.
292
A way cells bring in liquids referred to as cell drinking
Pinocytosis
293
What is an endosome
.
294
Duration of cell cycle varies with
Cell type
295
Two main parts of cell cycle
I terphase and cell reproduction
296
Mosts cells spend majority of life cycle in
Interphase
297
Cell division includes two processes
Mitosis and cytokenesis
298
Division of nucleus
Mitosis
299
Four phases of mitosis
Prophase, metaphase, anaphase, telophase
300
First phase of mitosis when chromatin condenses into rodlike structures called chromosomes
Prophase
301
Middle phase chromosomes align precisely in duplicated pairs along midline of cell
Metaphase
302
Duplicated chromosomes separate one goes to each side
Anaphase
303
Final phase of mitosis during which chromosomes complete their journey to opposite poles. Like a reverse prophase
Telophase
304
Review cell cycle
P 240
305
Mitosis just divides the
Nucleus or chromosomes
306
Process by which cytoplasm divides
Cytokinesis begins during anaphase ends at end of telophase. Original cell is gone and two new daughter cells. Are in interphase
