Chapter 9 Vocab

Question 1

the reproduction of cells

Answer 1

cell division

Question 2

an ordered sequence of events in the life of a cell, from its origin in the division of a parent cell until its own division into 2; euakryotic cycle - interphase (including G1, S and G2 subphases) and M phase (including mitosis and cytokinesis)

Answer 2

cell cycle

Question 3

the genetic material of an organism or a virus; the complete complement of an organism’s or virus’s genes along with its noncoding nucleic acid sequences.

Answer 3

genome

Question 4

a cellular structure carrying genetic material, found in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells; each consists of one very long DNA molecule and associated proteins. (bacterial chromosome usually consists of single circular DNA molecule and associated proteins. Found in nucleoid region, which is not membrane bound)

Answer 4

chromosome

Question 5

the complex of DNA and proteins that makes up eukaryotic chromosomes. When the cell is not dividing, they exist in dispersed form - mass of very long, thin fibers that are not visible with a light microscope.

Answer 5

chromatin

Question 6

any cell in a multicellular organism except a sperm or egg of their precursors

Answer 6

somatic cell

Question 7

a haploid reprodice cell, such as an egg or sperm; unite during sexual reproduction to produce a haploid zygote.

Answer 7

gamete

Question 8

two copies of a duplicated chromosome attached to each other by proteins at the centromere and, sometimes, along the arms. While joined, 2 make up one chromosome. Eventually they are separated during mitosis or meiosis II

Answer 8

sister chromatid

Question 9

in a duplicated chromosome, the region on each sister chromatid where they are most closely attached to each other by proteins that bind to specific DNA sequences; close attachment causes a constriction in the condensed chromosome (an uncondensed, unduplicated chromosome has a single one, identified by its DNA sequence)

Answer 9

centromere

Question 10

a process of nuclear division in eukaryotic cells conventionally divided into 5 stages: prophase, prometaphase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase; conserves chromosome number by allocating replicated chromosomes equally to each of the daughter nuclei,

Answer 10

mitosis

Question 11

the division of the cytoplasm to form 2 separate daughter cells immediately after mitosis, meiosis I or meiosis II

Answer 11

cytokinesis

Question 12

the phase of the cell cylcle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis

Answer 12

mitotic (M) phase

Question 13

the period in the cell cycle when the cell is not dividing. Cellular metabolic activity is high, chromosomes and organelles are duplicated, and cell size may increase. Accounts for about 90% of the cell cycle.

Answer 13

interphase

Question 14

the first gap, or growth phase, of the cell cycle, consisting of the portion of interphase before DNA synthesis begins

Answer 14

G1 phase

Question 15

the synthesis part of the cell cycle; the portion of interphase during which the DNA is replicated

Answer 15

S phase

Question 16

the second gap, or growth phase, of the cell cylcle, consisting of the portion of interphase after DNA synthesis occurs

Answer 16

G2 phase

Question 17

the first stage of mitosis, in which the chromatin condenses into discrete chromosomes visible with a light microscope, the mitotic spindle begins to form, and the nucleolus disappears but the nucleus remains intact

Answer 17

prophase

Question 18

the second stage of mitosis, in which the nuclear envelope fragments and the spindle microtubules attach to the kinetochores of the chromosomes

Answer 18

prometaphase

Question 19

the third stage of mitosis, in which the spindle is complete and the chromosomes, attached to the microtubules at their kinetochores, are all aligned at the metaphase plate

Answer 19

metaphase

Question 20

the fourth stage of mitosis, in which the chromatids of each chromosome have separated and the daughter chromosomes are moving to the poles of the cell

Answer 20

anaphase

Question 21

the fifth and final stage of mitosis, in which daughter nuclei are forming and cytokinesis has typically begun

Answer 21

telophase

Question 22

the phase of the cell cycle that includes mitosis and cytokinesis.

Answer 22

mitotic spindle

Question 23

a structure present in the cytoplasm of animal cells, that functions as a microtubule-organizing center and is important during cell division; has 2 centrioles

Answer 23

centrosome

Question 24

a radial array of short microtubules that extends from each centrosome toward the plasma membrane in an animal cell undergoing mitosis

Answer 24

aster

Question 25

a structure of proteins attached to the centromere that links each sister chromatid to the mitotic spindle

Answer 25

kinetochore

Question 26

an imaginary structure located at a plane midway between the two poles of a cell in metaphase on which the centromeres of all the duplicated chromosomes are located

Answer 26

metaphase plate

Question 27

the process of cytokinesis in animal cells characterized by pinching of the plasma membrane; the succession of rapid cell divisions without significant growth during early embryonic development that converts the zygote to a ball of cells

Answer 27

cleavage

Question 28

the first sign of cleavage in an animal cell; a shallow groove around the cell in the cell surface near the old metaphase plate

Answer 28

cleavage furrow

Question 29

a membrane-bounded, flattened sac lopcated at the midline of a dividing plant cell, inside which the new cell wall forms during cytokinesis

Answer 29

cell plate

Question 30

a method of asexual reproduction by "division in half." IN prokaryotes - does not involve mitosis, single-celled eukaryotes that undergo binary fission, mitosis is part of the process

Answer 30

binary fission

Question 31

site where the replication of a DNA molecule begins, consisting of a specific sequence of nucleotides

Answer 31

origin of replication

Question 32

a control point in the cell cycle where stop and go-ahead signals can regulate the cycle

Answer 32

checkpoint

Question 33

a nondividing state occupied by cells that have left the cell cycle, sometimes reversibly

Answer 33

G0 phase

Question 34

a cellular protein that occurs in a cyclically fluctuating concentration and that plays an important role in regulating the cell cycle

Answer 34

cyclin

Question 35

a protein kinase that is active only when attached to a particular cyclin

Answer 35

cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk)

Question 36

maturation-promoting factor (or M-phase-promoting factor); a protein complex required for a cell to progress from late interphase to mitosis. The active form consists of cyclin and a protein kinase

Answer 36

MPF

Question 37

a protein that must be present in the extracellular environment (culture medium or animal body) for the growth and the normal development of certain types of cells. A local regulator that acts on nearby cell to stimulate cell proliferation and differentiation

Answer 37

growth factor

Question 38

the phenomenon observed in normal animal cells that causes them to stop dividing when they come into contact with one another

Answer 38

density-dependent inhibition

Question 39

The requirement that a cell must be attached to a substratum in order to initiate cell division

Answer 39

anchorage dependence

Question 40

the conversion of a normal animal cell to a cancerous cell. A change in a genotype and phenotype due to the assimilation of external DNA by a cell. When the external DNA is from a member of a different species, transformation results in horizontal gene transfer.

Answer 40

transformation

Question 41

a mass of abnormal cells with specific genetic and cellular changes such that the cells are not capable or surviving at a new site and generally remain at the site of the tumor's origin

Answer 41

benign tumor

Question 42

a cancerous tumor containing cells that have significant genetic and cellular changes and are capable of invading and surviving in new sites. Can impair functions of one or more organs

Answer 42

malignant tumor

Question 43

the spread of cancerous cells to locations distant from their original site

Answer 43

metstasis