chapter 3 vocab words

Question 1

free variations

Answer 1

when they can be exchanged for one another in a certain phonetic context without affecting the word

Question 2

complementary distribution

Answer 2

they cannot be exchanged for one another in specific phonetic contects

Question 3

coarticulation

Answer 3

results in an allophonic variation of the same sound

Question 4

phonotactic rules

Answer 4

specify what combinations of sound are possible or common in specific languages

Question 5

consonants

Answer 5

phonemes produced by some narrowing or closing of the vocal tract

Question 6

clusters

Answer 6

consonants produced in side-by-side combination

Question 7

prevocalic

Answer 7

before-vowel consonant clusters;

EX: TRee, BReak, STReet

Question 8

postvocalic

Answer 8

after-vowel consonant cluster

EX: paRK, beST, heLP

Question 9

vowels

Answer 9

produced with relatively open vocal tract

Question 10

open

Answer 10

Syllable that ends in a vowel or diphthong

Question 11

closed

Answer 11

ends in a consonant

Question 12

manner of articulation

Answer 12

indicates How the airstream that passes through the vocal tract is modified to form a consonant

Question 13

place of articulation

Answer 13

indicated WHERE along the vocal tract a constriction is formed to produce consonant

Question 14

Voice

Answer 14

indicated WHETHER the vocal folds are vibrating during the consonants production

Question 15

liquids

Answer 15

sounds similar to glides and are often described as semivowels

Question 16

lateral

Answer 16

(I) during its production the lateral, midsection part of the toungue is open, and air is thus directed through the sides of the tounge

Question 17

rhotic

Answer 17

(r)

Question 18

retroflex

Answer 18

/r/ made by curling tongue tipback

Question 19

bunched or humped

Answer 19

made by bunching and elevating the blade portion of the tongue /r/

Question 20

bilabial

Answer 20

b,p,m,w,

sounds produced by pressing the two lips together

Question 21

labiodental

Answer 21

f,v

Question 22

interdental (lingua dental)

Answer 22

made by protruding the tip of the tongue slightly between the cutting edges of the upper and lower front teeth

Question 23

pressure consonants

Answer 23

stops and fricatives

Question 24

voicing

Answer 24

vibration of the vocal folds in the production of sounds

Question 25

voiced sounds

Answer 25

vocal folds are vibrating

Question 26

voiceless sounds

Answer 26

absence of vocal fold vibration

Question 27

cognate pairs

Answer 27

sounds are identical in their manner of production and place of articulation and differ only in voicing

Question 28

vowel quadrant

Answer 28

defines the four extreme points of vowel production: high , low, front, back. /i/ /u/ /ae/ /a/

Question 29

shape of pharynx

Answer 29

the front top back dimension of the position of the tongue has a direct effect

Question 30

rounded

Answer 30

vowels produced with lips somewhat protruded

Question 31

unrounded

Answer 31

vowels produced with lips more neutral or retracted position

Question 32

Tense

Answer 32

Vowels are longer in duration and are produced with a higher degree of muscular tension

Question 33

lax

Answer 33

shorter and require less muscular effort

Question 34

diphthongs

Answer 34

sounds that have two places of articulation with gradual change from one place to another during production

Question 35

disorders of articulation

Answer 35

covered all the speech sounds found in children

Question 36

phonological disorders

Answer 36

manifested by multiple errors that formed various patters with lost phonemic contrast and much reduced intelligibility and where presumably due to the operation of phonological process, rules or constraints

Question 37

phonological processes

Answer 37

simplification of adult sound productions that presumably affect entire classes of sounds

Question 38

stopping

Answer 38

substituting sounds that are within his or her phonetic repertoire for those sounds that he or she has not yet learned to produce

Question 39

phonological error pattern

Answer 39

when a natural process becomes clinically significant in a child who is suppose to have "out grown" it

Question 40

doubling

Answer 40

total or partial repetition of a syllable of a target word resulting in the creation of a multisyllabic word form

Question 41

consonant sequence reduction

Answer 41

"omission of one or more sounds segments from two or more contiguous consonants"

Question 42

cluster simplification

Answer 42

highlights omissions or substitutions that in essence simplify the cluster or make it easier to produce

Question 43

marked member

Answer 43

sound that is most difficult to produce within a cluster

Question 44

unmarked member

Answer 44

sound that is theoretically easier to make

Question 45

Assimilation

Answer 45

the phenomenon by which one sound changes to resemble another sound, particularly its neighboring sound

Question 46

consonant harmony

Answer 46

reference to assimilation process that affect manner of production or place of articulation

Question 47

regressive or anticipatory assimilation

Answer 47

if the sound that changes precedes the sound that causes the change

Question 48

progressive assimilation

Answer 48

the sound that changes follows the sound that influences

Question 49

linear phonological theories or multilinear theories

Answer 49

standard theories that suggest segments are a bundle of independent features or characteristics of a phoneme with no hierarchical organization

Question 50

phonological process

Answer 50

simplifications of adult sound production that presumably affect entire classes of sounds

Question 51

non-linear phonological theories

Answer 51

challenge the assumption that segmental aspects of a phoneme are simple a bundle of independent and unorganized features that may freely combine with each other

Question 52

faithfulness constraints

Answer 52

require a good match between output and input representations

Question 53

marked phonological features

Answer 53

(a) Complex (b) Difficult to produce (C) Not natural (d) infrequent in languages (e) Abnormal (f) unpredictable (g) acquired later (h) language specific (I) perceptually weak

Question 54

unmarked phonological features

Answer 54

(a) simple (b) easy to produce (c) natural (d) frequently (e) normal (f) predictable (g) acquired earlier by children (h) universal (I) perceptually strong

Question 55

optimal output form

Answer 55

incurs the least serious violations of a set of conflicting constraints

Question 56

harmony

Answer 56

if constraint violations are a few and violated constraints are lower ranked than constraints that are adhered to

Question 57

metrical theory

Answer 57

pays attention to the syllable structures stress patterns and rhythms of speech

Question 58

autosegmental theory

Answer 58

to overcome the limitation of the standard generative theory in accounting for prosodic features and tonal languages

Question 59

foot

Answer 59

consists of a stressed syllable and one or more unstressed syllable

Question 60

feature geometry

Answer 60

theory proposes that features of a segment also are hierarchically organized

Question 61

articulator bound

Answer 61

features that are entirely due to an action of a single articulator

Question 62

articulator free

Answer 62

produced with multiple articulators

Question 63

covert contrasts

Answer 63

contrasts inherent to error productions that cannot be heard but may be found on spectrographic traced

Question 64

electropalatography

Answer 64

an instrumental assessment of tongue and palatal contacts during speech production