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SPHP 126 > Test 1 > Flashcards

Test 1 Flashcards

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1
Q

WHAT IS A SPEECH SOUND DISODER?

A

Umbrella term: problems in correctly producing speech sounds

Speech sound disorder: Phonological disorder and Articulation disorder

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2
Q

Back in the old days….

A

Our field used the terms phonological disorder and articulation disorder

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3
Q

What is a Articulation Disorder?

A

-Purely physical- just cant produce the sound.
Ex:having a lateral lisp
-Only a few sounds affected
-No patterns- we don’t know why it happens
-Child is fairly intelligible

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4
Q

What is a Phonological Disorder?

A
  • Multiple sound errors
  • Highly unintelligible
  • Patterns of errors
  • Due to underlying problem with phonological knowledge
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5
Q

What is the IMPORTANCE OF INTELLIGIBILITY?

A
  • Caseloads- many children with speech sound disorders (SSDs) about 90%
  • Cases more complex these days-more oral motor involvement
  • Reduced intelligibility causes many academic and social problems
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6
Q

Even a mild disorder can have an impact….

A
  • adults with a mild lisp judged less intelligent

- kids afraid to raise hand and talk in class

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7
Q

What do SSDs and language disorders do?

A
  • they coexist
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8
Q

Macrae, T., & Tyler, A.A. (2014). Speech abilities in preschool children with speech sound disorder with and without co-occurring language impairment. Language, Speech, and Hearing Services in Schools, 45, 302-313.

A
  • Compared preschool children with co-occurring SSD and language impairment (LI) to children with SSD only
  • Looked at numbers and types of errors in both groups
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9
Q

What did Macrae and Tyler 2014 find?

A

-They found that children with both had more omissions (on test)
-Children with SSD and LI had more omissios of sounds than children with just SSD-they leave sounds out
Ex:cup-up

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10
Q

SLPs need to be most concerned about ch with …

A

-omissions of sounds; omissions more predictive of language/reading problems than sounds distortions

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11
Q

What is Phonetics?

A

Study of physical, physiological, and acoustic variables associated with speech sound production

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12
Q

What is clinical/applied phonetics?

A

Branch dedicated to practical application of knowledge

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13
Q

What is a phoneme?

A

Family of sounds that the listener perceives as belonging to the same category
EX: /t/

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14
Q

What is a allophone?

A

Not a distinct phoneme; allophone is a member of a particular phoneme family
EX: Tea buTTer leT characTer

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15
Q

What are morphemes?

A

Minimal units of meaning

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16
Q

What is a bound morpheme?

A

suffix or prefix that attaches to a word to alter the words meaning

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17
Q

What is a free morpheme?

A

whole word that cannot be linguistically broken down into smaller units

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18
Q

What are minimal pairs?

A

Morphemes that are similar except for one phoneme

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19
Q

What is Morphophonemics?

A
  • sound alterations that result from the modification of free morphemes
  • Morphophonemic rules specify how sounds are combined to form morphemes
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20
Q

Examples of morphophonemic rules:

A

If a noun ends in a voiced sound, use plural allomorph /z/ (tails, bags, pins)

If a noun ends in a voiceless sound, use plural allomorph /s/ (tarts, cops, lakes)

If a word ends in a voiceless sound, the past tense is pronounced /t/; if a word ends in a voiced sound, the past tense is pronounced /d/
With adult accent clients

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21
Q

What are the Suprasegmental Aspects of Speech?

A
  • Juncture
  • Rate of speech
  • Intonation
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22
Q

What is juncture?

A

-Brief pauses that make up grammatical or semantic distinctions
EX: “Get the money bag!” vs. “Get the money, bag”

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23
Q

What is rate of speech?

A
  • In rapid speech, decrease vowel duration
  • Usually, the faster the rate, the less intelligible a person is
  • Very important to address in therapy
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24
Q

What is intonation?

A

Changes in pitch contours

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25
What is MOOSE?
- Move your lips - Open your mouth - Overexagerate - Slow down - Enunciate every sound
26
What are consonants?
-Produced by some narrowing or closing of the vocal tract-complete or partial closure (sh vs.p) -Prevocalic(before vowel) - Intervocalic Banana baNana -Postvocalic (after vowel) bananaS -Initial-medial-final
27
What are Syllabics?
-form the nucleus of a syllable | /r,l,m,n/ ex: butter, bottle; special diacritic
28
What are vowels?
- Produced with an open vocal tract 1. Pure vowels (e.g., /a/, /i/, /ɪ/)- also known as monophthongs 2. Diphthongs (e.g., /oʊ/, /aɪ/, /aʊ/)- made by the quick gliding of two simple vowels so that they cannot be perceptually separated
29
What are Phonemic diphthongs?
-if you reduce them to pure vowels, the meaning changes ( e.g., /aɪ/, /ɔɪ/) Pipe Pop Boil  Bowl
30
What are Nonphonemic diphthongs?
-if you reduce them to pure vowels, the meaning doesn’t change ( e.g., /eɪ/, /oʊ/ )
31
What are Place-Voice-Manner?
Voicing—voiced or voiceless Manner—how sound is produced Place—where sound is produced
32
What are the tongue positions?
1. Tongue height | 2. Tongue advancement
33
What are the lip roundings?
1. Rounded | 2. Unrounded
34
tongue positions and roundings are crucial to who?
These are crucial with adult accents
35
IPA helps with what?
-allographs | E.g. /f/ allographs in tough, physical, taffy
36
What are Virgules?
-slashes /b/ /n/ /t/ for phonemic transcription (abstract)
37
What are brackets for?
-for phonetic transcription [m] (actual production of the sound by the speaker)
38
What is broad transcription?
Virgules and Brackets
39
What is narrow transcription?
- This uses diacritic markers - Gives us more detail - Especially helpful for accent clients, clients with hearing loss, cleft palate
40
What are open and closed syllables?
- Open syllable word ends in a vowel (free, my, hello) | - Closed syllable word ends in a consonant or consonant cluster (box, zipper, bed)
41
What are phonological processes?
- simplifications of adult sound productions that affect entire classes of sounds - Stampe first described it - Used nationwide
42
Phonological processes today
-The term phonological pattern is preferred
43
Stampe’s phonol. processes are...
- are normal in typically-developing children, but are a disorder when they persist beyond a certain age level - After a normal age of disappearance, we use the term phonological pattern
44
Patterns that should disappear by age 3:
include weak syllable deletion and final consonant deletion | Ex: dinasour- disour
45
Patterns that persist beyond age three include:
-cluster reduction and gliding Ex: Gliding: rat-wat Cluster reduction: tree-tee
46
Many people today use the terms:
-phonological process and phonological pattern interchangeably
47
``` What are the 7 Substitution patterns? One class of sounds is substituted for another class of sounds ```
- Velar fronting - Stopping - Vocalization - Deaffrication - Liquid Gliding - Depalatization - Backing
48
1. Velar fronting:
-anterior sounds replace /k,g,ng/; usually alveolar stop (ex: t/k, d/g); most common in word initial position EX: car->tar key->ti
49
2. Stopping:
-stop substituted for fricative (ex: tu/shu, keIb/keIv) Ex:I lub you, mommy happy balentines day Ex: busy-budy
50
3. Vocalization:
-substitution of vowel (usually /o/ or /u/) for syllabic liquid-ex: bado/bottle; teIbu/table
51
4. Deaffrication:
-Affricate is replayed by a stop or fricative
52
5. Liquid gliding:
-Substitution of glide for prevocalic-w/r, j/l | Ex: wak/rak
53
6. Depalatization:
-substitution of alveolar affricate for palatal affricate-dz/ ,ts/ch
54
7.Backing:
-rare in typically developing child, present with severe SSD. Posterior sounds replace anterior sounds Typically k/t and g/d
55
What are assimilation patterns
One sound changes to resemble another sound, particularly a neighboring sound
56
What is Regressive assimilation?
Sound that changes precedes the sound that caused the change | -E.g., instead of saying “lack,” child would say /kæk/; instead of saying “yum!” the child would say /mʌm/
57
What is Progressive assimilation?
- The sound that changes follows the sound that influences the change - E.g., instead of saying “might,” the child says /maɪm/; instead of saying “ghost,” the child says /goʊg/
58
Kinds of Assimilation:
1. Alveolar tom tot lɪp ɪd 2. Nasal noʊz  noʊn map  mam 3. Velar kʌp  kʌk dag  gog 4. Labial boʊt  boʊp maʊθ  maʊm 5. Prevocalic voicing taɪt daɪt 6. Postvocalic devoicing fliz flis
59
Syllable Structure Patterns (modify the syllabic structure of words)
1. Weak/unstressed syllable deletion 2. Epenthesis 3. Reduplication 4. Diminutization 5. Initial consonant deletion 6. Final consonant deletion 7. Cluster reduction:
60
1. Weak/unstressed syllable deletion
Celeste ->Lest tomato-> meɪdo
61
2. Epenthesis
insertion of schwa between 2 consonants (Mark: Stepuhney/Stepney)
62
3. Reduplication
- (partial or complete) -Repetition of a syllable ex: mother-mama Complete = baba/bottle****
63
4. Diminutization
- adding /i/ to end of word; | ex: mami/mam, dagi/dag
64
7. Cluster reduction:
deletion or substitution of some or all members of a cluster | -usually the harder sounds are deleted
65
What is Total cluster reduction?
all members of the cluster deleted | -æp/flæp
66
What is Partial cluster reduction?
some members of a cluster are deleted | fæp/flæp
67
What is Cluster substitution?
- another sound replaces one or all members of the cluster | - Examples: twi/tri, pwiz/pliz, bun/spun
68
Remember that our goal:
Is to help our clients achieve maximal speech intelligibility for life success
69
What are segmentals?
consonants and vowels
70
What is pitch?
the variable sensory experience due to differing frequency of vocal fold vibration
71
What is stress?
Give prominence to certain syllables within a sequence of syllables
72
What is contrastive stress?
a form of stress that helps contrast two or more possibilities while emphasizing one of them EX: give me that BLUE pen
73
What is stress timed languages?
stressed syllables tend to be produced at regular intervals
74
What is syllable timed languages?
syllables tend to be produced at regular intervals | -doesn't have to be stressed syllables
75
What are phonotactic rules?
specify what combinations of sounds are possible or common in specific languages
76
What are plosives?
referring to the explosion of air upon its release
77
What are semivowels?
glides
78
What is retroflex?
An /r/ made by curling the tongue tip back
79
What is bunched or humped?
/r/ made by bunching and elevating the blade portion of the tongue
80
What is bilabial?
sounds that are produced by pressing the two lips together
81
What are linguadentals?
also known as interdental | -made by protruding the tip of the tongue slightly between the cutting edges of the upper and lower front teeth
82
What are pressure consonants?
stops and fricatives
83
What are voiced sounds?
sounds made while the vocal folds are vibrating
84
What are unvoiced sounds?
sounds made in the absence of vocal fold vibration
85
What are tense vowels?
longer in duration and are produced with a higher degree of muscular tension
86
What are lax vowels?
shorter and require less muscular effort
87
What are the onglide and offglide for diphthongs?
onglide-the vowel that initiates the diphthong | offglide-the vowel to which it changes

SPHP 126 (3 decks)

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