Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Biology 2 > Chapter 30 > Flashcards

Chapter 30 Flashcards

(123 cards)

Start Studying
1
Q

What is a Protosome?

A

Embryo developing from the mouth to the anus.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What is a deuterostome?

A

Embryo developing from the anus to the mouth.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What is a phyla?

A

A taxonomic category above the class level but below the kingdom level.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What is a body plan?

A

The basic architecture of an animals body.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is benithic?

A

Living at the bottom of an aquatic environment.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

What are choanocytes?

A

A specialized flagellated feeding cell found in sponges.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

What is Sessile?

A

Permanently attached to a substrate, not capable of moving to another location?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

What are colonies?

A

An assemblage of individuals.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What is epithelial tissue?

A

Tissue of an animal consisting of sheet like layers of tightly packed cells that line an organ, gland, body surface.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are diploblasts?

A

An animal whose body develops from two basic embryonic cell layers or tissues- ectoderm and endoderm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are triploblasts?

A

An animal whose body develops from three basic embryonic cell layer or tissues. Ectoderm, mesoderm, and endoderm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What is ectoderm?

A

The outermost tissue that gives rise to the outer covering and nervous system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What is endoderm?

A

The inner most layer that gives rise to the digestive tract and organs that connect to it.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is mesoderm?

A

The middle of the three layers that give rise to muscles, bones, blood, and some internal organs.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What is the mesoglea?

A

A gelatinous material, containing scattered ectodermal cells, that is located between the ectoderm and endoderm of cnidarians.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What is a cnidarian?

A

An aquatic invertebrate animal of the phylum cnidaria.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is radial symmetry?

A

An animal body pattern that has at least two planes of symmetry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is briradial symmetry?

A

Animal body pattern that has two plane of symmetry.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What is bilateral symmetry?

A

An animal body pattern in which one plane of symmetry divides the body into a left side and a right side.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are bilaterians?

A

A member of a major lineage of animals that are bilaterally symmetrical at some point in their life cycle, have three embryonic germ layers, and have a coelom. All protostomes and deuterosomes are bilaterians.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

What is a nerve net?

A

A nervous system in which neurons diffuse instead of being clustered into large ganglia or tracts.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are ganglia?

A

A mass of neurons in a CNS system.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What is cephalization?

A

The formation in animals of a distinct anterior region where sense organs and a mouth are clustered.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What is the coelom?

A

An internal, usually fluid-filled body cavity that is completely or partially lined with mesoderm.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
What are coelomates?
An animal that has a true coelom, completely lined with mesoderm.
26
What is a Acoelomate?
A bilaterian that has no internal body cavity.
27
What is a pseudocoelomate?
An animal that has a partial coelom with partial mesoderm
28
What are lophotrochozoans?
A major lineage of protostomes that grow by extending their skeletons rather than by molting.
29
What are ecdysozoans?
A major lineage of protostomes that grow by shedding their external skeletons.
30
What is segmentation?
Division of the body or part of it into a series of similar structures.
31
What are vertebras?
Animal with a dorsal column of cartilaginous or bony structures and a skull enclosing the brain.
32
What are invertebrates?
Animals with no backbone.
33
What is the linnaean classification?
Kingdom, phylum, class, order, family, genes, species
34
What is a synapomorphies?
Shared derived characteristic
35
What are the 3 domains of life?
Bacteria, archaea, eukarya
36
What are advantages of multicellularity?
Obtain resources more efficently, keep from being eaten
37
What are disadvantages of multicellularity?
larger size means more resources, specialized cells required
38
What is gastrulation?
movement of cells during embryogenesis, allows development of complex body plans.
39
Who were the ancestors of animals?
chanoflagellates
40
What does it mean to be colonial?
each cell does everything
41
What are the 7 animal characteristics?
Eukaryotic, multicellular, plasma membrane, heterotrophic, glycogen storage, collagen, gastrulation
42
Which of the 7 animal characteristics are synapomorphies?
multicellular and gastrulation
43
What is regeneration?
When animals can grow back something they have lost.
44
What is budding?
A form of asexual reproduction when the child grows out of an adult
45
What is parthenogenesis?
No fertilization
46
What are the two types of sexual reproduction?
Monecious, dioecious
47
What does it mean to be monecious?
both sex organs in one individual.
48
What does it mean to be dioecious?
Separate sexes using external or internal fertilization
49
What are the two types of fertilization?
Internal and external
50
What are the 4 types of animal tissue?
Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous
51
What is epithelial tissue?
Sheets of cells that create a barrier and secretions
52
What are the characteristics of connective tissue?
Cells, ECM, fibers hold things together
53
What is loose connective tissue?
Packing material, padding, ex. fat
54
What is dense connective tissue?
Tendons, ligaments
55
What is supporting connective tissue?
Bone and cartilage
56
What is fluid connective tissue?
Blood
57
What is muscle tissue?
Most abundnat tissue, cells contract, contains proteins myosin and actin, contains skeletal, cardiac, and smooth
58
What is an example of skeletal muscle?
Bicep muscle
59
What is an example of cardiac muscle?
The heart
60
What is an example of smooth muscle?
The stomach
61
What is nervous tissue?
neurons and associated cells
62
What is the level of organization?
atoms and molecules, cells, tissue, organs, organ systems, organisms
63
What is homeostasis?
Maintaining constant conditions.
64
Why is a negative feedback loop called a negative feedback?
Stimulus and response are in opposite directions
65
What is an endotherm?
generate heat metabolically.
66
What is an ectotherm?
generate body conditions from there environment
67
What are heterotherms?
Exhibit both endo- and ecto- and switch between both.
68
What are the characteristics of proferia (sponges)?
Asymmetrical, no tissue, no segmentation, no body cavity
69
What are the characteristics of Cnidarians?
Radial symmetry, diploblastic, no segmentation,
70
What are the characteristics of plathyhelminthes?
Bilateral symmetry, triploblastic, no segmentation, acelommate, protostome, not jointed
71
What are the characteristics of annelida?
Bilateral symmetric, segmented, triploblastic, true coelomates, not jointed, protostomes
72
what are the characteristics of mollusca?
bilateral symmetry, not segmented, triploblastic, true celomates, not jointed, protostomes
73
What are the characteristics of nematodas?
bilateral symmetry, no segmentation, triploblastic, psuedocelomate, not jointed, protostome
74
What are the characteristics of arthropods?
bilateral symmetry, segmented, triploblastic, true coelomates, protostome, jointed
75
What are the characteristics of echinodermata?
bilateral and radial symmetric, not segmented, triploblastic, true coelomates, not jointed, deuterostomes.
76
What are the characteristics of chordata?
bilateral symmetry, segmented, triploblastic, true coelomates, jointed, deuterostomes
77
Why do larger animals have a lower metabolic rate?
Not enough surface are to maintain high rates.
78
What does the minimal metabolic rate do?
Supports basic life functions.
79
What are the building blocks of the body?
Amino acids, simple sugars, fatty acids, and essential nutrients that can't be synthesized
80
How many essential amino acids are there that the body cannot synthesize?
9
81
Why do you need vitamins?
Because the body can't synthesize them and can be coenzymes
82
What are the 3 important electrolytes?
K,Cl, Na
83
What is an intracellular digestive system?
no digestive system
84
What is the feeding adaptation with intracellular and extracellular?
gastrovascular cavities
85
What is an alimentary canal?
Tube with mouth and anus
86
What happens in the oral cavity?
Physical and chemical breakdown, lubrication, amylase, lipase with tongue, and creates a bolus
87
What is peristalsis?
wave of involuntary muscle contractions that moves food
88
What is the stomach lined with?
mucus made of smooth muscle
89
What does the stomach produce?
pepsin to break down protein
90
Where does pepsin come from?
Schwann, chief cells such as pepsinogen activated by HCl
91
What is passive transport?
Moving along a concentration gradient from high to low
92
What is primary active transport?
Requires ATP against gradient, low to high,
93
What is secondary active transport?
use of contransporters from a electrochemical gradient
94
What do goblet cells do?
Secrete mucus to prevent damage to the stomach.
95
Review process to pepsin.
Reviewed
96
How is the acid in the stomach neutralized?
HCNO3 from pancreas.
97
What does the small intestine do?
Absorption of nutrients with a large surface area and digests major molecules.
98
Where does protein digestion occur?
Stomach with HCl and pepsin and SI with pancreatic proteases
99
What are the accessory organs in digestion?
Stomach, pancreas, liver, gallbladder
100
What are digestive secretions controlled by?
Nerve impulses, and hormones that stimulate the pancreas to release HCO3
101
How are lipids digested?
Chylomicrons which is a protein escort in absorptive cells and absorbed in lacteals.
102
How are carbs digested?
Salivary amylase, pancreatic amylase which breaks it into monosaccharides and those are then absorbed.
103
How is glucose absorbed?
glucose diffuses into capillary and water follows by osmosis.
104
What is the function of the large intestine?
Water re-absorption, salt excretion, feces
105
What is type 1 diabetes?
Body can't produce insulin
106
What is type 2 diabetes?
Body produces insulin but insulin receptors are not working
107
What are osmoconformers?
Isomostic with environment, most marine invertebrates
108
What are osmoregulates?
Adjust internal osmolarity, most marine vertabraes, fresh water, and terrestrial animals
109
What are the challenges of freshwater fish?
gain water by osmosis, lose electrolytes by diffusion
110
What are the solutions for fresh water fish?
Don't drink water, lots of urine, add electrolytes by diet and active transport
111
What are challenges of ocean fish?
lose water by osmosis, gain electrolytes by diffusion, drink water
112
What is special about anadromous fish?
the cotransporter flips sides when fish move from salt to fresh water.
113
What is the challenge for land animals in osmoregulation?
lose water by evaporation and urination, lose electrolytes in urine
114
What are the solutions for land animals in osmoregulation?
Drink water, regulate urine production, add electrolytes through diet.
115
Where do nitrogeneous wastes come from?
Excess amino acids, nucleic acids
116
What is the problem with NH3?
It's toxic and needs lots of water to make less toxic
117
What are alternatives to make NH3 less toxic?
urea, uric acid which is least toxic
118
What is the common mechanism in animals for osmoregulation?
Filtration, absorption, secretion
119
How do insects minimize water loss?
Waxy cuticle and spiracles
120
What is the basic unit of the kidney?
The nephron
121
Where does filtration take place in the kidney?
The glomerulus
122
Where does reabsorption take place in the kidney?
The proximal tube, loop of henle (used to build concentration gradient to pull water out)
123

Biology 2 (12 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions