Chapter 30-32 HR Flashcards
(63 cards)
What is Taylor’s theory of scientific management
In Taylor’s view, workers can produce more output if responsibility for decision-making and planning are removed. Workers should not have to think, they should just do
Taylor’s ideas of scientific management based motivation on financial rewards. When applied to the workplace, there are several features that characterise scientific management. These are:
* workers are paid for carrying out specific tasks – they are not paid for thinking;
* they are paid for levels of output produced; this involves the use of piece-rate payments;
* there is a tall hierarchy within organisations, with little scope for upward communication;
* the best (most efficient) method of working is to be adopted by all workers;
* close supervision of workers and monitoring of performance exists.
What is Mayo’s Human Relations theory
Mayo suggested that motivation at work was promoted by such factors as:
* greater communication;
* better teamwork;
* showing an interest in others;
* involving others in decision-making;
* ensuring the wellbeing of others;
* making work interesting and non-repetitive
Working as a team allows the breaking down of traditional hierarchies and allows each worker to feel part of a small work group, motivated to achieve within their own section of the business
What is Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs?
A theory arranging human needs in five layers, where lower needs must be met before higher levels can motivate
- for Physiological or basic needs employers must provide:
A living wage, good working conditions
- for Security or safety needs employers must provide:
Contract of employment, pension scheme, safe working conditions
- for Love and belonging employers must provide:
Group working, leisure facilities, holidays, good communication
- for Esteem needs employers must provide:
positive communication from management, bonuses, job enrichment
- for Self actualisation employers must provide:
Promotion, control over job, empowerment, more responsibility
What is self-actualization in Maslow’s theory?
The highest level of psychological development where personal potential is fully realized
Occurs after basic bodily and ego needs have been fulfilled.
What does Herzberg’s two-factor theory identify?
Herzberg’s research shows that satisfaction in work can be caused by a number of motivating factors, or ‘motivators’. Herzberg said that managers must firstly provide the type of workplace and conditions of work that prevented dissatisfaction, i.e. make sure that hygiene factors are satisfied. Only when these are provided can motivation of workers happen.
What are hygiene factors according to Herzberg?
Conditions that cause dissatisfaction in the workplace
Includes poor working conditions, lack of status, unsatisfactory wages, lack of job security, and poor workplace relationships.
What do Vroom, Porter, and Lawler’s Expectancy theories assume?
People act in their own best interest if they believe there is a worthwhile reward for their task Assumes that working harder will result in getting the reward and that reaching the performance level is likely. Vroom’s expectancy theory actually has three components to it: valence, instrumentality and expectancy (VIE). Vroom believed that an individual’s motivation was a combination of these three forces V,I and E. For an individual to be motivated they needed to believe that firstly, they could achieve a particular outcome (expectancy), and secondly, that by achieving the outcome (instrumentality) it would result in a positive valency (and not too many negative valencies)
Assumes that working harder will result in getting the reward and that reaching the performance level is likely.
Vroom, Porter, and Lawler’s Expectancy theory
what is Valence (V)
an individual will undertake a task if they believe that they will receive a worthwhile reward as a result
Vroom, Porter, and Lawler’s Expectancy theory
Define instrumentality
individual needs to believe that a particular action is likely to lead to a particular result.
Vroom, Porter, and Lawler’s Expectancy theory
Define expectancy
the individual’s belief in the likelihood of their being able to achieve the target that has been set for them.
If the target was to run 100 metres in under ten seconds, there are very few individuals who would think it worth the effort as there would be little prospect in their achieving it
What are intrinsic rewards?
a form of internal, personal satisfaction or Positive feelings received from completing work well
It is not tied to external compensation or tangible rewards like money
Examples include pride and satisfaction.
What are extrinsic rewards?
Rewards that come from outside the individual
Examples include material rewards such as pay increases and bonuses.
What is the definition of wages?
Payment made by an employer to an employee for work done in a specific period of time, usually earned per hour and paid per week.
Wages are typically calculated based on hours worked.
What is a salary?
Yearly payment made by an employer to an employee for work done, paid monthly in arrears.
Salaries are not typically based on hours worked.
What is profit-related pay?
Links part of an employee’s pay to the profits of a company.
This incentivizes employees to contribute to the company’s profitability.
What are bonus schemes?
Additional pay, on top of a salary, once a performance target has been reached.
Bonuses can be tied to individual, team, or company performance.
What are fringe benefits?
Forms of financial motivation other than pay, including:
* Company cars
* Pension schemes
* Sickness benefits
* Subsidised meals
* Staff discounts
Fringe benefits can enhance employee satisfaction and retention.
What is job enrichment?
Giving workers more control over the tasks they complete, allowing them to complete tasks that have meaning and are complete in themselves.
Job enrichment aims to enhance employee motivation and satisfaction.
What is job enlargement?
Increasing the number of tasks or responsibilities of a worker.
Job enlargement can reduce monotony and increase job satisfaction.
What is job design?
The creation of job roles that suit the worker, which are of interest and challenging, and allow them some decision-making.
Effective job design can improve productivity and employee morale.
What does empowerment mean in a workplace context?
Allowing workers the power to control their own jobs, make decisions and implement their ideas.
Empowerment can lead to increased job satisfaction and productivity.
What is consultation in the workplace?
When an employer talks to and listens to employees’ opinions and takes their views into account when making decisions.
Consultation fosters a collaborative work environment.
What are quality circles?
Groups of workers that meet on a regular basis to discuss problems and offer solutions.
Quality circles encourage teamwork and continuous improvement.
What does single status in the workplace refer to?
When all artificial barriers separating workers have been removed.
This includes equal access to facilities and resources.
