Chapter 32

Question 1

Why are animals such effective consumers?

Answer 1

Multicellular eukaryotic heterotrophs with tissues that develop from embryonic layers

Question 2

Are fungi autotrophic or heterotrophic? How do they feed?

Answer 2

Heterotrophic, absorption (ingesting nutrients by digesting them outside their bodies first)

Question 3

How does animal and fungi consumption differ?

Answer 3

Animals digest inside their bodies, fungi digest outside

Question 4

Animals, plants, and most fungi are

Answer 4

Multicellular

Question 5

Do fungi have cell walls?

Answer 5

Sometimes

Question 6

What do animals have instead of cell walls to support cells and connect them to each other?

Answer 6

Proteins

Question 7

What protein is the most common to connect/support animal cells? Is this found in plants/fungi?

Answer 7

Collagen, no

Question 8

What do structural proteins do?

Answer 8

Support

Question 9

What is an example of a structural protein and its function?

Answer 9

Keratin- in hair, horns, feathers, cocoons, webs, etc.

Question 10

What is a zygote?

Answer 10

A fertilized egg

Question 11

What is cleavage?

Answer 11

The process of Mitotic cell division

Question 12

What is a blastula?

Answer 12

Hollow ball of cells

Question 13

What is a blastocoel?

Answer 13

Empty space inside a blastulaW

Question 14

What is a blastospore?

Answer 14

Opening on a blastula/gastrula

Question 15

What is gastrulation?

Answer 15

A process where one end of the embryo folds inward and fills blastocoel, producing 3 layers of embryonic tissues (gastrula)

Question 16

What is the ectoderm?

Answer 16

Outer layer

Question 17

What is the endoderm?

Answer 17

Inner layer

Question 18

WHat is an archenteron?

Answer 18

Pouch formed by gastrulation

Question 19

What do most animal life cycles include?

Answer 19

At least one larval stage

Question 20

What contributes to most animal’s development? What do they do?

Answer 20

Regulatory Hox genes, control development

Question 21

What is a gastrula?

Answer 21

2 or 3 layered embryo

Question 22

How long have animals been around?

Answer 22

500 million years+

Question 23

What are choanoflagellates (protist group) most closely related to?

Answer 23

Animals

Question 24

When was the neoprotozoic era?

Answer 24

1 billion to 541 million years ago

Question 25

What animals were present in the neoprotozoic era?

Answer 25

Soft bodied multicellular eukaryotes (Edicareans)

Question 26

When was the paleozoic era?

Answer 26

541-252 million years ago

Question 27

What animals were present during the paleozoic era?

Answer 27

First large animals with hard skeletons, bilateral symmetry,

Question 28

What are some hypotheses for why the Cambrian explosion happened?

Answer 28

Changing predator-prey relationships, atmospheric changes, changes in animal development

Question 29

When did animals move to land?

Answer 29

The paleozoic era?

Question 30

What were some major events in the mesozoic era?

Answer 30

First coral reefs, wings, mammals, diversification of insects in association with flowering plants

Question 31

What were some major events in the cenozoic era?

Answer 31

Mass extinction of both marine and terrestrial animals early in the era, large nonflying dinosaurs and marine reptiles disappeared, mammal expansion, global cooling and its impacts on animal lineages, eg primates

Question 32

What is a body plan?

Answer 32

A set of physical and developmental traits

Question 33

What are the two main types of symmetry?

Answer 33

Radial (4 identical pieces) and bilateral (2 identical pieces, head to tail)

Question 34

What are tissues?

Answer 34

Collections of specialized cells that act as a functional unit

Question 35

Do all animals have tissues?

Answer 35

No, sponges and a few other groups don't

Question 36

When do tissue layers form?

Answer 36

Early embryo, gastrulation

Question 37

Where do tissues and organs arise?

Answer 37

Germ layers

Question 38

What does the ectoderm give rise to?

Answer 38

Outer covering of embryo, sometimes CNS

Question 39

What does the endoderm give rise to?

Answer 39

Lining of digestive tract and other organs

Question 40

What does the mesoderm give rise to?

Answer 40

Things that fill space between endo/ectoderm

Question 41

What are the differences between dipoblastic and tripoblastic embryos?

Answer 41

3 vs 2 germ layers

Question 42

What are the 2 developmental modes?

Answer 42

Protosomes, deuterosomes

Question 43

What are some characteristics of protosomes?

Answer 43

Spiral and determinate, solid masses of mesoderm split and form coelom

Question 44

What are some characteristics of deuterosomes?

Answer 44

Radial and indeterminate, folds of archenteron split and form coelom

Question 45

What is coelom made of?

Answer 45

Mesoderm

Question 46

What does the blastospore give rise to in protosomes?

Answer 46

Mouth

Question 47

What does the blastospore give rise to in deuterosomes?

Answer 47

Anus

Question 48

What is phylogeny?

Answer 48

The evolutionary history of a group of related species

Question 49

What is a phyla?

Answer 49

Taxonomic (classification) category above class and below kingdom (remember acronym)

Question 50

How do we figure out how animals are related to each other?

Answer 50

Morphological and molecular data

Question 51

What are some examples of molecular data that show how animals are related to each other?

Answer 51

Genomes, rRNA, HOX genes

Question 52

What does metazoa include?

Answer 52

All animals

Question 53

What does bilateria include?

Answer 53

Bilaterally symmetrical animals, 3 germ layers

Question 54

What is included in deuterostomia?

Answer 54

All deuterosomes

Question 55

What is a deuterostome?

Answer 55

Organisms where the first opening in embryonic development becomes the anus

Question 56

What are lophotrochozoans?

Answer 56

A clade in the group of bilateria including flatworms, molluscs, and annelids, have more phyla than any other clade

Question 57

What are in ecdysozoa?

Answer 57

An extremely large clade including nematodes and arthropods- has more known species than all plant, animal, protist, and plant groups combined

Question 58

What is the sister group to all animals?

Answer 58

Sponges- diverged early from all others

Question 59

What is eumetazoa?

Answer 59

"True animals"- Clade of Animals with tissues

Question 60

What is a clade?

Answer 60

Group of organisms believed to have evolved from a common ancestor

Question 61

What is the invertebrate/vertebrate status of bilaterian clades?

Answer 61

All invertebrates except Chordata, includes vertebrate animals