Chapter 40

Question 1

What are the 3 methods to maintain homeostasis?

Answer 1

Form, function and behavior

Question 2

What levels are form and function correlated at?

Answer 2

All

Question 3

Are organisms subject to physical laws? If so, give an example.

Answer 3

Yes, fish body shape minimizes drag

Question 4

How do cells interact with the environment?

Answer 4

Exchanging things (H2O, gas)

Question 5

Do most animals have surfaces to interact with environment? If so, what do these look like?

Answer 5

Yes- openings on surface (mouth, pores)

Question 6

What does interstitial fluid do?

Answer 6

Bathe cells, provide nutrients, remove waste

Question 7

LOOK AT BODY STRUCTURE DIAGRAM

Question 8

What are the 4 main types of tissues?

Answer 8

Epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

Question 9

What are some characteristics of epithelial tissue?

Answer 9

Different cell shapes and arrangement to correlate with different functions (lining things)
Cells have 2 sides- Apical (exposed to fluid/air) and basal

Question 10

What are some examples of connective tissue?

Answer 10

Blood, cartilage, bone, adipose

Question 11

What are some characteristics of muscle tissue?

Answer 11

Skeletal- striated
Smooth- bladder, arteries, stomach (involuntary contraction)
Cardiac- contractive walls of heart, striated

Question 12

What are some characteristics of nervous tissue?

Answer 12

Recieves and responds to information

Question 13

What are some examples of nervous tissue?

Answer 13

Neurons and glial cells (glial cells support, insulate, and replenish neurons)
Neurons receive and send out impulses

Question 14

What are the 3 fiber types?

Answer 14

Collagenous, reticular, elastic

Question 15

What are some ways the body responds to stimuli?

Answer 15

ENdocrine and nervous system

Question 16

What responses are done by endocrine system?

Answer 16

Gradual, growth, development

Question 17

What responses are done by nervous system

Answer 17

Reflexes, rapid responses

Question 18

Where do the differences lie in endocrine/nervous responses?

Answer 18

Signal type, speed, transmission (neurons are specific, hormones just bind to receptors- think HAVK), duration

Question 19

What is a refulator?

Answer 19

~=T @ diff environmental T

Question 20

What is a conformer?

Answer 20

Change in body temperature with environmental

Question 21

What is an example of a negative feedback loop?

Answer 21

Sweating/shivering

Question 22

What is an example of a positive feedback loop?

Answer 22

Childbirth

Question 23

How are changes in homeostasis?

Answer 23

Regulated, eg hormone levels in pubertyW

Question 24

What are circadian rhythms?

Answer 24

24 hour internal sleep wake cycles, internal but can change, important to health

Question 25

What is an endotherm?

Answer 25

An organism that generates heat or iemploys cooling mechanisms itself

Question 26

What si an ectotherm?

Answer 26

An organism that adjusts its body temperature by behavioral means (EG turtles on a log)

Question 27

What is a poikilotherm?

Answer 27

An animal whose body temperature varies with its environment

Question 28

What is a homeotherm?

Answer 28

An animal with a relatively constant body temperature

Question 29

What is radiation?

Answer 29

Emission of electromagnetic waves from an object

Question 30

What is evaporation?

Answer 30

Removing heat from the sueface of a liquid

Question 31

What is convection?

Answer 31

Heat transfer by moviement of air/liquidWh

Question 32

What is conduction?

Answer 32

TOuch

Question 33

How do mammals maintain internal temperature?

Answer 33

Integumentary system, insulation

Question 34

What are vasodilation/vasoconstriction?

Answer 34

Dilation/constriction of blood vessels to keep in/release heat

Question 35

What is countercurrent exchange?

Answer 35

Arteries carry warm blood to extremities, warming cold blood returning to the heart

Question 36

What are some adaptations to thermoregulation?

Answer 36

Behavioral responses (oritenting toward the sun), huddling, shivering, fat, antifreeze proteins in cells,

Question 37

How do ectotherms get fevers?

Answer 37

Behavioral means (going to warmer places)

Question 38

What is bioenergetics?

Answer 38

Overall flow and transformation of energy in an animal

Question 39

What is the metabolic rate?

Answer 39

Total energy an animal uses in a given time interval

Question 40

What factors influence metabolic rate?

Answer 40

Size (Bigger are more efficient), activity, torpor (decreased state of activity),

Question 41

WHat is hibernation?

Answer 41

Long term torpor

Question 42

What is estivation?

Answer 42

Summer torpor

Question 43

LOOK AT LIFE CHALLENGES AND SOLUTIONS DIAGRAM