Chapter 32

Question 1

What specimens should be collected first thing in the morning?

Answer 1

Nitrite, protein, or pregnancy and microscopic examinations. They are also preferred for possible UTI testing

Question 2

Where do casts in urine develop in the urinary tract?

Answer 2

Casts are created when protein accumulates and precipitates in the kidney tubules and is washed into the urine

Question 3

What should you do with a specimen after one hour?

Answer 3

If it has not been refrigerated, then discard it

Question 4

What causes a cloudy urine specimen?

Answer 4

Turbidity may be caused by cells, bacteria, yeast, vaginal contaminants or crystals

Question 5

urine with high levels of what should be stored in a dark place before testing?

Answer 5

Bilirubin

Question 6

What condition could cause blue-green urine?

Answer 6

Biliverdin, and infection with pseudomonas organisms

Question 7

The first detectable sign of renal disease?

Answer 7

A change in specific gravity

Question 8

What pad on a dipstick would show positive for a UTI?

Answer 8

A positive is any pink color on the nitrite dipstick pad

Question 9

A fruity odor can cause what to be elevated on a urine dipstick?

Answer 9

Ketones

Question 10

A value of 1.035 specific gravity is considered what?

Answer 10

Abnormal or high

Question 11

A 24 hour urine specimen determines what?

Answer 11

Provides a quantitative chemical analysis, such as hormone levels and creatinine clearance rates

Question 12

Know about the pH of urine

Answer 12

Normal, freshly voided urine may have a pH range of 5.5 to 8. Urinary pH varies with metabolic status, diet, drug therapy, and disease. Bacteria in the urine usually makes the pH alkaline(8+)

Question 13

A small amount of what is present in normal urine

Answer 13

Protein and urobilinogen

Question 14

A child whose urine smells like wet fur, is most likely diagnosed with?

Answer 14

Phenylketonuria

Question 15

Tubular structures found in urine and composed mainly of mucoprotein produced by the kidney?

Answer 15

Casts

Question 16

Signs of liver disease?

Answer 16

Bilirubin in the urine(bilirubinuria) and elevated urobilinogen

Question 17

A CLIA waived urine pregnancy test can detect HCG as early as?

Answer 17

1 week after implantation or 4-5 days before a missed period

Question 18

A urine specimen is tested and has a pH of 8, is this value high, low, normal, or midrange

Answer 18

Normal

Question 19

A small amount of what is usually present in urine?

Answer 19

Protein and urobilinogen

Question 20

One of the first detectable signs of liver disease

Answer 20

Bilirubinuria

Question 21

A urine sample that can be collected at any given time

Answer 21

Random specimen

Question 22

turbid urine sample

Answer 22

A urine sample that appears cloudy, and can be caused by cells, bacteria, vaginal contaminants, yeast or crystals

Question 23

An abnormal urine color may be related to

Answer 23

Pathologic and nonpathological factors

Question 24

Urine specimens used in diabetes screenings and at home diabetes testing programs

Answer 24

Two-hour postprandial urine specimen

Question 25

What is detected in urine samples from patients with uncontrolled diabetes

Answer 25

Ketones (ketonuria)

Question 26

What substance in urine indicates kidney damage

Answer 26

Red Blood Cells (hemoturia)

Question 27

What are the normal ranges in a urinalysis report

Answer 27

1.005-1.030 specific gravity, a pH of 4.8-8, and a renal threshold of below 160mg/dL

Question 28

Polyuria is common in what clinical situation

Answer 28

Patients with diabetes mellitus, diabetes insipidus, and certain kidney disorders

Question 29

Yeast cells

Answer 29

Yeast in urine may indicate vaginal contamination or a UTI. It is also common in patients with diabetes

Question 30

Red Blood Cell casts

Answer 30

Always indicate a pathologic condition and are highly diagnostic. They occur in glomerulonephrtis. They are hyaline casts with embedded red blood cells. their presence indicates damage to the glomerulus. They appear brown due to the color of the RBCs

Question 31

Hematuria

Answer 31

RBCs in the urine. Can be caused by irritation of the kidneys, ureters, bladder, or urethra

Question 32

The urine reagent stick is highly sensitive to what

Answer 32

Analytes in the urine

Question 33

Know specific gravity ranges

Answer 33

Most samples fall between. 1.010-1.035, the reference ranges are 1.001-1.035

Question 34

Ammonia or putrid smell in urine can be caused by

Answer 34

An infection or the urine sample sitting at room temperature for too long

Question 35

Hepatitis can cause what kind of urine

Answer 35

Orangish-yellow or greenish-yellow

Question 36

What leads to a whitish-milky colored urine

Answer 36

Fats or pus in the urine

Question 37

Toxicology

Answer 37

The study of poisonous substances and drugs and their effects on the body

Question 38

Pigment responsible for the color of urine

Answer 38

Urochrome

Question 39

Sugar found in the urine

Answer 39

Glycosuria

Question 40

Most common test method for a urine pregnancy test

Answer 40

Lateral flow immunoassay test

Question 41

Recommendations from the Clinical and Laboratory Standards institute for urine specimens

Answer 41

Urine volume should be at least 12mL, the specimen should be centrifuged for 5 minutes at a relative centrifugal force of 400g, a standardized slide should be used, and a consistent reporting format should be used

Question 42

What leads to amber colored urine

Answer 42

Dehydration, a concentrated first morning specimen, excessive sweating, and low fluid intake

Question 43

Elevated urobilinogen in the urine

Answer 43

Seen in increased red blood cell destruction, liver disease, or total obstruction of the bile duct

Question 44

The presence of casts in urine may be caused by

Answer 44

Protein accumulation and precipitation in the kidney tubules that is washed into the urine

Question 45

A change in specific gravity is one of the first indications of kidney disease(T/F)

Answer 45

True

Question 46

Trichomonaisin in urine under a microscope does what

Answer 46

They are motile and move rapidly

Question 47

Ketones may or may not be present in a urine sample that is at room temperature (T/F)

Answer 47

False, ketones evaporate at room temperature