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Biology 30 > [Chapter 32] Endocrine Control > Flashcards

[Chapter 32] Endocrine Control Flashcards

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1
Q

Animal hormones

A

Cell products secreted from endocrine glands, endocrine cells, and a few neurons. In most cases, bloodstream circulates hormones to target cells

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2
Q

Neurotransmitters

A

Secreted by neurons into the tiny synaptic cleft between a neuron and a target cell

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3
Q

Local signaling molecules

A

Secreted by many cell types into extracellular fluid and broken down quickly; molecules only persist long enough to affect nearby tissues

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4
Q

Pheromones

A

Signals that diffuse through water or air to target cells in other individuals of the same species. Help integrate social behaviour (ex: female moth releases sex pheromone and attracts mate) Many vertabraes have vomeronasal organ in nose that responds to pheromones

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5
Q

When was the word hormone first used, what is its origin, and who coined it?

A

Early 1900s by physiologists W Bayliss and E Starling, from Greek word ‘hormon’, meaning ‘to set in motion’

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6
Q

List the sources vertebrate hormones are (generally) secreted from

A 
pituitary gland
adrenal gland (2)
pancreatic islets (numerous cell clusters)
thyroid gland
parathyroid gland (4 in humans)
pineal gland
thymus gland
gonads (2)
endocrine cells of the hypothalamus, stomach, small intestine, liver, kidneys, heart, placenta, skin, adipose tissue, and other organs
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7
Q

Endocrine system

A

All sources of hormones in the animal body, linked structurally and functionally with the nervous system in intercellular communication

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8
Q

How is the nervous system and the endocrine system linked?

A

Share a few structures, issue a few of the same signals, most organs accept and respond to signals from both.

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9
Q

In all animals, signaling molecules do what?

A

Integrate cell activities. each tupe of signal acts on all cells that have receptors for it. targeted cells may alter their activities in response.

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10
Q

Hypothalamus (part of the brain)

A

Produces, secretes six releasing and inhibiting hormones (act on different endocrine cells in anterior lobe of pituitary)

Produces ADH (conserves water) and oxytocin (roles in childbirth, milk secretion).

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11
Q

Pituitary gland, anterior lobe

A

ACTH, TSH, FSH, and LH (stimulate the secretion of other hormones), prolactine (affects mammary gland development), growth hormone (affects overall growth)

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12
Q

Pituitary gland, posterior lobe

A

Stores, secretes two hypothalamic hormones: ADH and oxytocin

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13
Q 
Adrenal gland (one pair)
Cortex
A

Cortisol (affects glucose metabolism) and aldosterone (conserves sodium)

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14
Q 
Adrenal gland (one pair)
Medulla
A

Epinephrine and norepinephrine (these hormones interact, in conert with the supathetic nervous system, to help adjust organ activities, especially during times of excitment or stress)

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15
Q

Ovaries (one pair of female gonads)

A

Estrogens and progesterone (maintain primary sex organs, influence secondary sexual traits)

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16
Q

Testes (one pair of male gonads)

A

Testosterone (develops and maintains primary sex organs, influences secondary sexual traits)

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17
Q

Pineal gland

A

Melatonin (affects biological clocks, overall level of activity, reproductive cycles)

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18
Q

Thyroid gland

A

Thyroid hormone (affects growth and development, metabolism), calcitonin (lowers blood level of calcium)

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19
Q

Parathyroid glands (four)

A

Parathyroid hormone (increases blood level of calcium)

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20
Q

Thymus gland

A

Thymosins (roles in white blood cell functioning)

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21
Q

Pancreatic islets

A

Insulin (lowers blood level of glucouse), glucagon (raises blood level of glucose)

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22
Q

Hormones induce changes in service of programs of…

A

Growth, maintenance, and reproduction

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23
Q

Three steps of cell communication

A

Signal Reception (signal activates target cell receptor), signal transduction (transduced to a molecular form that acts in the receiving cell), cellular response (cell may make a functional response)

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24
Q

What do enzymes do?

A

Make hormones from a variety of sources

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25
Steroid hormones are derived from?
Cholesterol | ex: testosterone and other androgens, estrogens, progesterone, aldosterone, cortisol
26
Amine hormones are?
Modified amino acids | ex: melatonin, epinephrine, thyroid hormone
27
Peptide hormones are?
Short chains of amino acids | ex: glucagon, oxytocin, antidiuretic hormone, calcitonin, parathyoid hormone
28
Protein hormones are?
Longer chains of amino acids | ex: growth hormone, insulin, prolactin, follicle-stimulating hormone, luteinizing hormone
29
Signal response requires?
Functional receptors
30
Second messenger
A molecule that is formed in response to an external signal and causes more cellular changes
31
What kind of things influence hormone action?
Type/state of target receptors, interventions by other hormones, feedback mechanisms, environmental cues, etc More specifically... 1. Cells need the right receptors for specific hormones 2. Different hormones often interact. Binding of one hormone may block, enhance, or have no effect on the cell's response to other hormones 3. Concentration of particular hormone in tissue. More hormone molecules in the interstitial fluid around target cell, more likely to bind with receptors 4. Target cell's metabolic and nutritional state 5. Specific environmental cues like temperature, day length, etc
32
How do hormone molecules interact with receptors on/in target cells?
they reversibly bind
33
How do steroid and thyroid hormones bind to change gene expression?
With receptors insider the cell
34
How do steroid and thyroid hormones bind without changing gene expression?
With receptors at the cell surface, triggers fast responses
35
How do peptide and protein hormones bind?
to membrane receptors. often, second messenger in cytoplasm relays signal to cell's interior
36
Hypothalamus
Forebrain region, has neurons that secrete hormones
37
Pituitary gland
Attached by a stalk of tissue to the hypothalamus. in humans, no bigger than a pea.
38
Posterior lobe of pituitary gland
stores and secretes hormones from hypothalamus
39
Anterior lobe of pituitary gland
Makes own hormones, signals from hypothalamus control their release
40
How do the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland work together?
Interacts as a master control center, integrating much of the activity of the endocrine and nervous systems
41
Releasers
Call for the secretion of hormones by target cells
42
Inhibiters
discourage target cell secretions
43
ACTH
stimulates the release of cortisol from a pair of adrenal glands
44
TSH
stimulates the release of thyroid hormones from the thyroid gland
45
FSH and LH
affect gamete formation in the reproductive organs and other aspects of sexual reproduction
46
GH
growth hormone, has targets in most tissues. triggers secretions from liver cells that promote growth of bone and soft tissues in the young, influences metabolism in adults
47
PRL
initiates and maintains milk production in mammary glands after other hormones prime the tissues
48
Thyroid Gland
Anterior base of the beck, secretes calcitonin and thyroid hormone, which is a ix of two amines
49
Thyroid hormone
Central to metabolism and development
50
How is the thyroid gland controled?
By the anterior pituitary and hypothalamus, through negative feedback loops
51
Parathyroid glands
Four of them on the posterior surface of the thyroid, secrete PTH. Main control over the calcium in blood
52
PTH
parathyroid hormone, stimulates the breakdown of bone, decreases calcium loss in urine, and activates the vitamin D needed to absorb calcium from food.
53
Vitamin D and PTH
PTH activates vitamin D needed to absorb calcium from food, thus, PTH increases blood calcium. Vitamin D deficiency lowers calcium level in blood, which leads to oversecretion of PTH and bone breakdown
54
Adrenal Glands
Humans have a pair of adrenal glands, one on top of each kidney.
55
Adrenal cortex
Outermost part of adrenal glands, releases steroid hormones
56
Aldosterone
Controls sodium and water reabsorption in the kidneys, released by adrenal glands
57
Cortisol
Released by adrenal glands, affects metabolism and immune responses, maintains blood level of glucose, induces liver cells to break down their store of glycogen, supresses uptake of glucose by other cells. induces adipose cells to degrade other fats, and skeletal muscles to degrade proteins, makes immune responses wind down. controled by negative feedback loop
58
When and by what is the cortisol feedback loop overridden?
The nervous system overrides it during times of injury, illness, anxiety. this leads to very high levels of cortisol
59
Adrenal medulla
Inner part of adrenal gland, secretes norepinephrine and epinephrine during times of stress, excitement, or danger.
60
Norepinephrine and epinephrine
Same effects on targets that sumpathetic nerves do, bring about fight-or-flight response
61
Long term elevation of cortisol levels?
Disrupts production and release of other hormones, suppress immune function, impair memory. impact can be seen in people with Cushing syndrome
62
Pancreas
in abdominal cavity behind the stomach, has exocrine (scretes digestive enzymes into duct to small intestine) and endocrine functions (clusters called pancreatic islets, contains three types of hormone-secreting cells)
63
Alpha cells
Secrete the peptide hormone glucagon. between meals, all cells take up glucose from blood. When glucose level falls below set point, alpha cells secrete glucagon, which binds cells int he liver and causes activation of enzymes that break glycogen into glucose subunits. Raises level of glucose in the blood
64
Beta cells
Most abundant cells in pancreatic islets, secrete insulin, the only hormone that causes target cells to take up and store glucose. Releases insulin after stimulated by higher blood level of glucose
65
Delta cells
Secretes somatostatin, helps control digestion and nutrient absorbtion. Can inhibit the secretion of insulin and glucagon
66
Diabetes mellitus
Metabolic disorder in which cells do not take up glucose as they should, in result, sugar accumulates in blood and urine. This encourages growth of pathogenic bacteria, damages small blood ells in kidneys, permanent kidney failure. Uncontrolled diabetes also damages blood vessels and nerves, especially in arms, hands, legs, and feet
67
Type I Diabetes
Develops after the body has mounted an autoimmune response against is insulin-secreting beta cells. Most dangerous type of diabetes short term. In absence of glucose, the body uses fats and proteins as energy sources. Two outcomes are weight loss and ketone accumulation in the blood and urine. Can interfere with brain funtion, extreme causes may lead to coma or death
68
Type II Diabetes
More common form of disorder. Insulin levels are normal or high but target cells do not respond to the hormone as they should and blood sugar levels remain high. If glucose lvels are not lowered, pancreatic beta cells continue to receive continual stimulation and they will eventually falter
69
Hypoglycemia
Blood glucose level falls low enough to disrupt normal body functions. Rare insulin-secreting tumours can cause it, but usually after insulin-dependent diabetic miscalculates and injects too much insulin to balance food intake. Results in insulin shock, brain stalls as its fuel dwindles. Can be lethal, but injection of glucagon reverses condition
70
Gonads
Male = testes, females = ovaries. produces gametes and secrete sex hormones, including estrogens and androgens
71
Puberty
Post-embyronic stage of development when the reproductive organs and structures mature
72
Estrogen in males
Develops sperm
73
Testosterone in females
Affects libido
74
Pineal Gland
Depp inside the vertabrate brain. Secretes melatonin, which serves as part of internal timing (biological clock, rate of secretion varies depending on amount of light brain is responding to.
75
Thymus gland
Lies beneath breastbone, secretes hormones that help infection-fighting white blood cells (T cells) to mature, grows until person reaches puberty, when the surge in sex hormones causes it to shrink and its secretions decline
76
How did vertabrates evolve so many diverse hormones and hormone receptors?
Molecular evidence points to gene duplications and subsequent divergences through mutations
77
Ecdysone
Steroid hormone, controls molting in nematodes and arthropods, influences by environmental cues

Biology 30 (22 decks)

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