Chapter 34 Flashcards
(19 cards)
What are the parts of the heart?
4 chambers: 2 atria and 2 ventricles
The heart is a muscular organ encased in pericardium.
What are the valves in the heart?
Tricuspid valve, pulmonary semilunar valve, mitral valve, aortic semilunar valve
Valves ensure unidirectional blood flow and prevent backflow.
How does blood travel through the body starting from the superior vena cava?
SUV > RA > Tricuspid valve > pulmonary semilunar valve > Left & R Pulmonary arteries > lungs > left and right pulmonary veins > LA > mitral valve > LV > aortic semilunar valve > brachiocephalic > LCC > L Sub Clavian > aortic arch > trunk
This sequence illustrates the path of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood.
What is the cardiac cycle?
Mechanical sequence of events in ONE heartbeat
The SA node acts as the pacemaker and initiates impulses.
What is the role of the SA node?
Initiates heartbeat at 60-100 beats per minute based on O2 needs
If SA node fails, the AV node takes over at a lower rate.
What are the types of blood vessels in the systemic and pulmonary circulation?
Arteries, arterioles, capillaries, veins, venules
Each type has a specific function in blood circulation.
What are chemoreceptors and their function?
Located in aortic arch and carotid arteries; sensitive to blood pH, O2, CO2 levels
They regulate ventilation and inform the vasomotor center.
What are baroreceptors?
Located in walls of heart and blood vessels; sensitive to pressure changes
They help regulate heart rate and induce vasoconstriction.
What factors affect blood pressure?
- Developmental stage
- Obesity
- Age-related issues
- Tobacco use
- Poor nutrition
- Lack of exercise
- Substance abuse
- Family history
- Environment
- Stress
- Allergic reactions & air quality
- Altitude
- Heat & cold
- Lifestyles
- Pregnancy
- Exercise
- Medications
- Cardiovascular abnormality
These factors can lead to variations in blood pressure readings.
What are the symptoms of Peripheral Arterial Disease (PAD)?
- Leg pain, aches, or cramps while walking
- Leg weakness, numbness or tingling
- Blue, pale, or discolored skin
- Slow healing leg or foot sores
- Slow-growing leg hair or toenails
PAD is often caused by atherosclerosis.
What are the causes of venous insufficiency?
- Damaged veins, valves, or walls
- High BP
- Long periods of sitting or standing
- Blood clots
- Leg injuries
- Hormonal changes
These factors contribute to symptoms like swelling and varicose veins.
What are the blood pressure parameters for normal, elevated, and hypertensive crisis?
- Normal: Systolic < 120, Diastolic < 80
- Elevated: Systolic 120-129, Diastolic 80 or less
- Stage 1: Systolic 130-139, Diastolic 80-89
- Stage 2: Systolic ≥ 140, Diastolic ≥ 90
- Hypertensive Crisis: Systolic > 180, Diastolic > 120
These parameters are crucial for diagnosing hypertension.
What is the function of Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors?
Prevents production of angiotensin 2; dilates blood vessels
By increasing bradykinin, ACE inhibitors help lower blood pressure.
What do beta-adrenergic blockers do?
Block norepinephrine and epinephrine; reduce heart workload
They also control abnormal heart rhythms.
What is the role of calcium channel blockers?
Block calcium flow into heart and blood vessels; decrease BP
They also slow heart rate and dilate arteries.
What do loop diuretics do?
Inhibit sodium and chloride reabsorption; reduce fluid volume
This leads to lower blood pressure by promoting sodium and water excretion.
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped by the heart per minute
It is influenced by heart rate, stroke volume, and sympathetic nervous system activity.
What is primary hypertension?
High blood pressure without an identifiable underlying cause
Risk factors include modifiable and non-modifiable factors.
What are the risk factors for secondary hypertension?
- Kidney disease
- Adrenal disease
- Thyroid problems
- Obstructive sleep apnea
Secondary hypertension is caused by other medical conditions.
