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BIOL 2312 > Chapter 38- Intro and Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 38- Intro and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What is the difference between anatomy and physiology?

A

anatomy studies the structure while physiology studies their function

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2
Q

What are the 5 things individual animal cells require?

A

1) must be surrounded by an aqueous solution that contain ions
2) use organic molecules as an energy source
3) use oxygen in oxidative reactions
4) removal of waste
5) environmental conditions within range

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3
Q

What are the 3 points about multicellular organisms?

A

1) an internal environment that can supply nutrients, waste removal, and osmotic balance
2) can become large
3) specialization among cells

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4
Q

What are the 5 levels of organization in order of smallest to largest?

A

cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

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5
Q

What are the 4 basic types of animal tissue?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, nervous

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6
Q

What is the structure and function of a tissue determined by? (4)

A

1) properties of the individual cells
2) structure and organization of the cytoskeleton
3) organization of ECM
4) junctions

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7
Q

What are anchoring junctions and where are they commonly found?

A

form button like spots or belts that weld cells together – found in tissues subject to stretching, such as skin and heart
muscle

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8
Q

What are tight junctions and where are they commonly found? cell type?

A

seal spaces between cells ex) urinary bladder

between epithelial cells

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9
Q

What are gap junctions and where are they commonly found?

A

open channels between cells in the same tissue

ex) between muscle cells

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10
Q

What are epithelial tissues?

A

cover body surfaces and the surfaces of internal organs, and line cavities and ducts within the body

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11
Q

What is the structure of epithelial tissues?

A

consist of sheet-like layers of cells, usually connected by
tight junctions with little extra cellular matrix (ECM)
between them

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12
Q

What is the apical surface?

A

epithelium’s outer surface

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13
Q

What is the basal surface?

A

inner surface of epithelia

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14
Q

What is the basal lamina?

A

fixes the epithelium to underlying connective tissues

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15
Q

What are the 2 classifications of epithelia?

A

simple (single layer) and stratified (multiple layers)

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16
Q

What are the 3 shapes of epithelium?

A

1) squamous (flattened)
2) cuboidal (cube-shaped)
3) columnar (elongated)

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17
Q

What are the 4 principal types of epithelium are found in the body?

A

1) simple squamous epithelium
2) stratified squamous epithelium
3) cuboidal epithelium
4) columnar epithelium

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18
Q

Where are new cells produced in the skin?

A

basal layer

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19
Q

Where are stem cells found?

A

adults (brain, bone marrow, blood vessels, skeletal muscle, and liver) and embryos

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20
Q

What are exocrine glands? examples?

A

connected to the epithelium by a duct, which empties their secretion at the
epithelial surface (e.g., mucus, saliva, sweat,
earwax, oils, and milk)

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21
Q

What are endocrine glands? examples?

A

are ductless – they release hormones which are distributed by the
circulatory system (e.g., pituitary gland, adrenal
gland, and thyroid gland)

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22
Q

Key differences between endocrine and exocrine?

A

presence of duct and use of circulatory system

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23
Q

Which tissue a lot of the times has more ECM

(by weight and volume) than cellular material?

A

connective tissue

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24
Q

What is the structure in most ECM?

A

fibrous glycoprotein collagen embedded in a

network of proteoglycans

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25
Q

What is fibronectin?

A

type of glycoprotein that aids in attachment of cells to ECM and helps hold cells in position

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26
Q

Where might elastin fibers be found?

A

skin and lungs

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27
Q

What is resilin?

A

protein found in insects and some crustaceans and is the most elastic material known

28
Q

What are the 6 types of connective tissues?

A

loose connective tissue, fibrous connective tissue, cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, and blood

29
Q

What are the 3 types of muscle tissue that vertebrates have?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

30
Q

What type proteins control muscle contractions?

A

actin and myosin

31
Q

What are glial cells?

A

physically support and
provide nutrients to neurons, provide electrical insulation
between them, and scavenge cellular debris and foreign matter

32
Q

What is the structure of a neuron?

A

cell body, dendrites (receive signals),

axons (send signals)

33
Q

How many major organ systems do all vertebrates have?

A

11

34
Q

How do cells receive nutrients and O2?

A

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

35
Q

What is the ECF made of?

A

plasma (fluid portion of blood) and interstitial fluid (surrounds cells)

36
Q

What direction does waste move?

A

opposite direction

37
Q

Is homeostasis a dynamic or static process?

A

dynamic

38
Q

What are the 8 factors of the internal environment?

A

1) Nutrient concentration
2) Concentration of O2
3) Concentration of CO2
4) Concentration of waste chemicals
5) Concentration of water and NaCl
6) pH
7) Volume and pressure of plasma
8) Temperature (of warm-blooded animals)

39
Q

What is the difference between local and systemic homeostatic controls?

A

local homeostatic controls occur within an organ vs systemic which controls the target organ outside of that organ (endocrine and nervous system)

40
Q

What is the difference between regulators and conformers?

A

regulators maintain a constant internal environments while conforms match their internal environments to their external environments.

41
Q

What are the steps in negative feedback control?

A

stimulus, sensor, integrator, effector(s), compensatory response, environmental condition returned to set point

42
Q

How and what type of feedback do mammals use to control temperature?

A

they use negative feedback mechanisms.

If blood temperature falls, the hypothalamus
activates effectors that constrict blood vessels,
reducing heat loss from the skin – other
effectors induce shivering to generate heat (visa-versa)

43
Q

What is positive feedback?

A

adds to the changes, does not result in homestasis

44
Q

What are biorhythms?

A

regulated factors change in predictable and cycling patterns like circadian rhythm

45
Q

What is the difference between acclimatization and acclimation?

A

acclimation is when set point changes artificially in a laboratory setting versus acclimatization is when the set point changes because of a change in environmental conditions

46
Q

What is the difference between acclimatization and evolutionary adaptation?

A

acclimatization is temporary changes to a single organism versus evolutionary adaptation is genetic change over many generations

47
Q

What is loose connective tissue?

A

sparsely distributed fibroblasts surrounded by loose collagen and elastin fibers forming a glycoprotein matrix

48
Q

What is dense connective tissue?

A

sparsely distributed fibroblasts surrounded by dense collagen and elastin fibers forming a glycoprotein matrix

49
Q

What is cartilage?

A

sparsely distributed chondrocytes (cartilage-producing cells) surrounded by collagen fibers, elastic matrix of glycoprotein, chondroitin sulfate,

precursor to bone, no blood supply

50
Q

What is bone?

A

osteocyte cells in ECM if collagen fibers harden by mineral deposits—hydroxyapatite

51
Q

What is adipose tissue?

A

densely clustered adipocytes, little ECM

52
Q

What is blood?

A

erythrocytes, leukocytes, platelets, plasma

53
Q

What is skeletal musle?

A

arranged in parallel units, contraction occurs in one direction along the fibers. cells are long, cylindrical, and striated

54
Q

What is cardiac muscle?

A

found in the heart, stabilized by anchoring and gap junctions, short and branched cylindrical striated cells.

intercalated disk is what is between two cells

55
Q

What is smooth muscle?

A

small spindle-shaped contractile cells. Current goes through gap junctions making a muscle contract as a unit

56
Q

What are reticular fibers?

A

thin collagen fibers crosslinked to form a network that helps support certain tissues such as the liver

57
Q

What would happen if the concentration of CO2 became too high?

A

ECF would become acidic

58
Q

Most cuboidal epithelium is simple or stratified?

A

simple

59
Q

Most columnar epithelium is simple or stratified?

A

stratified

60
Q

Describe simple squamous epithelium? common locations? function?

A

layer of flatten cells, found in blood vessel walls, air sacs of lungs, role is to diffuse

61
Q

Describe stratified squamous epithelium? common locations? function?

A

several layers of flatten cells, found in skin, mouth, esophagus, vagina—-surfaces subject to abrasion

function=protection

62
Q

Describe cuboidal epithelium? common locations? function?

A

layer of cubelike cells which may have microvilli on apical surface, found in glands

function= secretion and absorption

63
Q

Describe columnar epithelium? common locations? function?

A

layer of tall slender cells which may have microvilli on apical surface, found in gut and respiratory tract

function= secretion and absorption

64
Q

What are mesenteries?

A

sheets of loose connective tissue that hold abdominal organs in place and prevent abrasion

65
Q

What is an osteon?

A

structural unit of bone, central canal surrounded by osteocytes embedded in concentric layer of mineral matter

66
Q

What is the difference between tendons and ligament?

A

ligament connects bone to bone while tendons connect bone to muscle

67
Q

Connective tissue may contain which of the following components?

A

collagen, intercellular substance, fibroblasts, macrogphages

BIOL 2312 (14 decks)

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