Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 2312 > Chapter 45: Immune system > Flashcards

Chapter 45: Immune system Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 3 lines of defense mammals have?

A

physical barriers, innate immune system, and adaptive immune system

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

How does the innate differ from the adaptive immune system?

A

innate is faster (immediate) , creates a nonspecific response, and has no memory, occurs in all animals

adaptive immunity is vertebrates only

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Origin of lymphocytes?

A

form in bone marrow and then migrate to thymus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Which WBC are granulocytes?

A

basophil and eosinophil

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Which WBC are phagocytes?

A

neutrophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which cells are involved in innate immunity?

A

basophil, eosinophil, neutrophil, mast cells, and natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Which cells are intermediates of innate immunity and adaptive immunity?

A

macrophages and dendritic cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Which cells are involved in adaptive immunity?

A

B cells, T cells, cytokines, and cytotoxic molecules

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

How long does they body take to generate and effective response to a pathogen?

A

7-10 days

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What are toll-like receptors?

A

surface receptors and internal receptors which recognize PAMS (pathogen-associated molecular patterns)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What are defensins?

A

antimicrobial peptides that disrupt plasma membranes and inhibit intracellular functions of a pathogen

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What are the 4 components of inflammation?

A

1) calor = heat
2) rubor = redness
3) tumor = swelling
4) dolor = pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are cytokines?

A

secreted by activated macrophages and bind to host cells to trigger a response. make the blood vessel wall stickier

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What are chemokines?

A

activated macrophages secrete this to attract neutrophils and monocytes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

What do monocytes differentiate into?

A

macrophages

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

What are pyrogens?

A

macrophages release this to stimulate the hypothalamus to release locally-acting prostaglandins to create a fever.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What is the complement system?

A

30+ plasma proteins that circulate in blood and ISF. Some assemble into membrane attack complexes which create pores in bacteria cells where water flows and causes the bacteria to lyse

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Can the innate immune detect viruses?

A

nope, bc it’s in the the host cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Which two cells do the innate immune system use?

A

interferon and natural killer cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

What are interferons?

A

cytokines that tell neighboring cells that it has been infected and to pull their receptors. The host cells inhibits protein synthesis and prepares to die:(

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do natural killer cells work?

A

perforin creates holes in target cells which allow granzymes in that have enzyme bombs to kill target cell in a controlled manner.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

What are MHCs?

A

major histocompatibility complex proteins

high levels mean self cell, MHC 1 is a self marker

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

What are the 2 sub categories of adaptive immunity?

A

humoral (B cell immunity) and cellular (t cell immunity)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

What are the 4 key characteristics of the adaptive immune response?

A

1) specificity
2) diversity
3) memory
4) self-nonself recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

How does anitbody-mediated immunity work?

A

B-cell derivatives called plasma cells secrete antibodies which tag antigens

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

How does cell-mediated immunity work?

A

a certain t cell is activated and with other cells, directly kills foreign cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

What are b cells?

A

from bone marrow and carries in blood to capillary beds to serve lymphatic system, 2 binding sites

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

What are t cells?

A

from bone marrow and carried in blood to thymus, 1 binding site

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

What are the 2 kinds of t cells?

A

helper t cells and cytotoxic t cells

30
Q

What are the 4 steps of the adaptive immune response?

A

1) Antigen encounter and recognition: lymphocytes encounter and recognize an antigen
2) Lymphocyte activation: lymphocytes are activated by binding to the antigen and divide to produce clones
3) Antigen clearance: large clones of activated lymphocytes clear the antigen from the body
4) Development of immunological memory: memory cells circulate in blood and lymph, prepared for a rapid response

31
Q

Structure of an antigen recognition site?

A

heavy and light chains, the heave chain has constant regions and the light chain has a variable region. held together by disulfide bonds

32
Q

What are epitopes (antigenic determinants)?

A

signals on the antigens surface

33
Q

What happens in the 1st step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

engulfment of bacterium,

dendrite cell engulfs bacteria by phagocytosis

34
Q

What happens in the 2nd step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

degradation of bacterium and release of antigens,

dendritic cells migrates to lymph node, in the dendritic cell the vessel with the bacterium fuses with a lysosome that degrades the bacterium’s protein into short peptides = anitgens

35
Q

What happens in the 3rd step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

presentation of antigens on dendritic cell surface

antigens bind to MHC2s which are displayed on the surface and converts the cells into an antigen-presenting cell (APC)

36
Q

What happens in the 4th step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

interaction of antigen-presenting cell with lymphocyte

APC presents antigen to lymphocyte (CD4+ t cell) and links together

37
Q

What happens in the 5th step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

activation of t cell

bound APC secretes interleukin (cytokine) that activtes the associated t cell

38
Q

What happens in the 6th step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

production of helper t cells

activated t cells secrete other interleukins to stimulate clonal expansion = creation of more activated CD4+ T cells
clonal cells differentiate into helper t cells = effector t cell which is involved in effecting the specific immune response to the antigen

39
Q

What happens in the 7th step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

presentation of antigens on b cell surface

antibodies are produced in activated b cells. activated b cells present antigen on its surface to link with a helper t cell. bacterium plus b-cell receptor is taken into the dendritic cell

40
Q

What happens in the 8th step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

interaction of b cell with helper t cell

a b cell find a t cell displaying the same antigen and become tightly linked, usually in lymph node spleen

41
Q

What happens in the 9th step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

activation of b cell

linkage stimulates helper t cells to secrete interleukins that activate b cell and stimulate the b cell to proliferate = creates clones

42
Q

What happens in the 10th step in the anitbody-mediate immune response?

A

production of plasma cells and memory b cells

cloned cells differentiate into short-lived plasma cells which secrete antibody. also differentiate into memory b cells which are long-lived cells which prepare for a more rapid response if antigen is encountered later on

43
Q

What is clonal selection?

A

process where a particular lymphocyte is specifically selected for cloning when it recognizes a particular foreign antigen

44
Q

What class of proteins do antibodies belong to?

A

immunoglobulins (Ig)

45
Q

What type of chains are in an antibody?

A

2 heavy identical chains

2 light identical chains

46
Q

What is the structure of each chain on an antibody?

A

each has a constant region and variable region

47
Q

What determines the antibody class?

A

constant regions of the heavy chains in the tail part of the y shaped structure

48
Q

What are the 5 different classes of antibodies

A

IgM, IgG, IgA, IgE, IgD

49
Q

What do IgM’s do?

A

large, remains bound to cells that make it, can find 10 epitopes

50
Q

What do IgG’s do?

A

most abundant, produced in large amounts when exposed to an antigen for the second time, small, movable

51
Q

What do IgA’s do?

A

blocks attachment to body surfaces, in breast milk

52
Q

What do IgE’s do?

A

secreted by plasma cells of the skin and linings of the gastrointestinal and respiratory
tract binds to basophils and mast cells,
triggering release of histamine

used in parasites and allergies

53
Q

What do IgD’s do?

A

occurs with IgM as a receptor on the surfaces of B cells, its function is uncertain

54
Q

What is neutralization?

A

toxins neutralized by antibodies which bind to toxin molecules and prevent them from carrying out their damaging action

55
Q

What is agglutination?

A

clumping of bacteria by the antibodies and prevents further infection

56
Q

How does the complement system work in bacteria versus viruses?

A

insert and form pores to make bacteria lyse

insert into membranes of enveloped viruses which prevent the virus from infecting cells

57
Q

How are monoclonal antibodies formed?

A

1) test animal is infected and develops and immune response
2) activated B cells are extracted and fused with cancerous cells
3) creates antibodies

58
Q

What types of immunity are there?

A

passive and active

59
Q

What ways can you acquire immunity?

A

natural or artificial

60
Q

What cells are involved in cell-mediated immunity?

A

cytotoxic t cells

61
Q

What do cytotoxic t cells kill?

A

host cells infected by pathogens (viral), cancer cells that have an altered MHC 1

62
Q

What are the 5 steps in the cell-mediated immune response?

A

1) presentation of antigens on the cell surface
2) activation of the t cell
3) production of cytotoxic t cells
4) attack of infected cell by cytotoxic t cell
5) destruction of infected cell

63
Q

MHC 1 binds to what CD? MHC 2?

A

MHC 1 binds to CD8

MHC 2 binds to CD4

64
Q

What do activated CD8 T cells differentiate into?

A

cytotoxic t cells and memory cytotoxic t cells

65
Q

What is type 1 diabetes a reaction to?

A

against the pancreatic beta cells that produce insulin

66
Q

What is lupus a reaction to?

A

antibody production against blood cells, platelets, mitochondria and proteins associated with DNA

67
Q

What is rheumatoid arthritis?

A

attacks connective tissues in the joints which causes pain and inflammation

68
Q

What is Multiple sclerosis?

A

attacks myelin sheaths of neurons

69
Q

What is a viruses latent state?

A

stage where they cannot be isolated from the infected organisms and identified

70
Q

What are allergies?

A

increases of IgE antibodies that find to receptors on mast cells in connective tissue and basophils. This causes the secretion on histamine which causes inflammation

BIOL 2312 (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions