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Bio 133 > Chapter 39 > Flashcards

Chapter 39 Flashcards

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1
Q

What are adaptations?

A

Heritable traits that make individuals more likely to survive and reproduce

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2
Q

What is acclimatization?

A

A phenotype change that is not passed on to offspring

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3
Q

What is another name for acclimatization?

A

Acclimation

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4
Q

Is acclimatization reversible?

A

Yes

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5
Q

What is a tissue?

A

A group of cells that functions as a unit

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6
Q

4 types of tissues

A

Nervous, muscle, epithelial, connective

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7
Q

What does nervous tissue consist of? (2 things)

A

Neurons and supporting cells

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8
Q

What do neurons transmit?

A

Electrical signals

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9
Q

What are the two projections in neurons?

A

Dendrites and Axons

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10
Q

Are dendrites short or long? Receive or carry signals?

A

Short, receives signals from other neurons

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11
Q

Are axons short or long? Receive or carry signals?

A

Long, carry signals to other cells

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12
Q

What are the three types of muscle tissue?

A

Skeletal, cardiac, smooth

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13
Q

What is skeletal tissue attached to?

A

Bones

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14
Q

What is skeletal muscle responsible for?

A

Bodily movements

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15
Q

Is skeletal muscle striated? Involuntary or voluntary control?

A

Striated, voluntary

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16
Q

Where is cardiac muscle found? (1 place)

A

Walls of heart

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17
Q

What is cardiac muscle responsible for?

A

Pumping blood throughout the body

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18
Q

What does the branching pattern of cardiac muscle allow for?

A

Coordinated contraction and relaxation of the heart

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19
Q

Is cardiac muscle striated? Involuntary or voluntary control?

A

Striated and involuntary control

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20
Q

Where is smooth muscle found? (2 places)

A

Lining of digestive tract, blood vessels

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21
Q

What is the role of smooth muscle?

A

Move food through the digestive tract and regulate blood pressure

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22
Q

Is smooth muscle striated? Involuntary or voluntary control?

A

Non-striated and involuntary control

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23
Q

Which muscle tissue is tapered at both ends?

A

Smooth muscle

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24
Q

Where is epithelial tissue found? (2 places)

A

Covers outside of body, inner surface of organs

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25
What is the formal definition of an organ?
2+ tissue structure that serves a specialized function
26
What is the formal definition of a gland?
Organ that secretes molecules/solutions
27
What are the two types of epithelial tissue?
Simple and stratified
28
How thick is simple epithelium? Can substances move across easily?
Single cell layer thick. Substances move across regularly.
29
2 examples of where simple epithelium is found
Intestine and kidney ducts
30
How thick is stratified epithelium? Can substances move across easily?
Many cell layers thick. Substances cannot move across easily, so good for protection.
31
2 examples of where simple epithelium is found
Skin and vagina
32
What are the two sides of epithelium?
Apical and basolateral
33
Which side does the apical side face?
Faces environment
34
Which side does the basolateral side face?
Faces interior
35
What is the basolateral side connected to? By what?
Connective tissue. By the basal lamina
36
Is the lifespan of epithelium long or short?
Short
37
What does connective tissue consist of?
Cells arranged in a matrix
38
What is the matrix in connective tissue made of?
Extracellular fibers
39
What are the three types of extracellular fibers?
Collagen, reticular fibers, elastin
40
What is the purpose of collagen?
Strength and structural integrity
41
How are reticular fibers arranged?
Like a net
42
What is the purpose of elastin?
Stretching
43
What are the 4 types of connective tissue?
Loose, dense, supporting, fluid
44
What is the role of loose connective tissue?
Hold organs and tissues together, padding under skin
45
What makes up the extracellular matrix of loose connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
46
Where is dense connective tissue found?
Tendons and ligaments
47
What makes up the extracellular matrix of dense connective tissue?
Collagen
48
What makes up the hard extracellular matrix of supporting connective tissue?
Bone and cartilage
49
What does the bone matrix in supporting connective tissue consist of? (2 things)
Collagen and calcium phosphate
50
What does the cartilage matrix in supporting connective tissue consist of? (2 things)
Collagen and elastin
51
In supporting connective tissue, is the bone matrix or the cartilage matrix more flexible?
Cartilage
52
What is state of the fluid connective tissue extracellular matrix?
Liquid
53
What is an example of fluid connective tissue?
Blood (plasma is the extracellular matrix)
54
Formal definition of metabolism?
Sum of all chemical reactions in an organism
55
What is metabolic rate usually measured in terms of?
Oxygen consumption
56
What is BMR?
Basal metabolic rate: rate of oxygen consumption at normal resting conditions
57
Do smaller or larger animals have a higher BMR?
Smaller
58
What are the three adaptations that increase surface area?
Flattening, folding, branching
59
What is the formal definition of homeostasis?
stability in chemical and physical conditions within an organism
60
Which type of tissue plays a major role in homeostasis?
Epithelia
61
What is set point?
target range of values for a controlled variable
62
What are the three components of a homeostatic system?
Sensor, integrator, effector
63
What is the sensor?
Structure that senses the variable in an external/internal environment
64
What does the integrator do? (2 things)
1. Evaluates incoming sensory information 2. Compares to the set point to see whether a response is needed to achieve homeostasis
65
What is the effector?
Structure that restores the internal condition
66
What is the role of the hypothalamus?
Senses cooling and heating
67
Homeostatic systems are based on which type of feedback?
Negative
68
What is thermoregulation?
Control of body temperature
69
What are the four ways in which animals exchange heat with the environment?
Conduction, convection, radiation, evaporation
70
What is conduction?
Transfer of heat between two physical bodies in contact with each other
71
What is convection?
A type of conduction between a solid and a moving liquid/gas
72
What is radiation?
Transfer of heat between two physical bodies not in contact with each other
73
What is evaporation?
Liquid becomes a gas
74
What is different about evaporation compared to the other three kinds of heat exchange?
Evaporation is the only one that leads to heat loss
75
What is an endotherm?
Animal that produces heat to warm itself
76
What are two upsides of being an endotherm?
1. active in winter and at night 2. sustain high levels of aerobic activity
77
What is the main downside of being an endotherm?
Less energy available for reproduction
78
What is an ectotherm?
Relies on heat from the environment
79
What is an advantage of being an ectotherm?
More energy available for reproduction
80
What are two disadvantages of being an ectotherm?
1. slow muscle activity 2. slow digestion
81
Do endotherms or ectotherms have a higher BMR?
Endotherms
82
What is a homeotherm?
Animal that keeps its body temperature constant
83
What is a poikilotherm?
Animal with body temperature that rises or falls depending on the environment
84
What is torpor?
Dropping BMR to allow body temp to drop
85
What is hibernation?
Weeks/months of torpor
86
What is estivation?
Prolonged torpor to escape dry/hot conditions
87
How does a countercurrent exchanger work?
Fluids flow through adjacent pipes in opposite directions
88
What is the purpose of a countercurrent exchanger?
Minimize heat loss
89
What is an example of a countercurrent exchanger?
Whale tongue

Bio 133 (4 decks)

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