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PSY100 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

In what stage do sleep spindles begin to appear on the EEG machine?

A

Stage N2

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2
Q

….muscular activity cause his eyeballs to move back and forth beneath his eyelids. In what stage of sleep is he

A

Stage R - REM

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3
Q

Describe the N3 stage of sleep

A

The individual is deeply asleep. Delta waves dominate the EEG pattern, and snoring might occur.

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4
Q

What is NREM

A

NON-rapid eye movement

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5
Q

What are the 2 broad categories of sleep?

A

REM and NREM

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6
Q

During what stage of sleep do myoclonic jerks occur?

A

Stage N1

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7
Q

Which drug classe most operate through disrupting the typical function of the serotonin neurotransmitter system?

A

Hallucinogen

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8
Q

What is consciousness?

A

Awareness

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9
Q

How is awareness regulated?

A

Arousal

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10
Q

What is higher level consciousness

A

more controlled processing, ie studying for an exam, planning, problem solving.
means youre paying attention

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11
Q

What is lower level consciousness

A

automatic processing, requires little attention. ie, daydreaming, wandering thoughts.
Daydreaming can be potentially useful in problem solving

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12
Q

What are altered states of consciousness

A

fatigue/illness/trauma/deprivation/stress from immediate situation, drug states, meditation/hypnosis

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13
Q

What is subconscious awareness

A

Incubation - subconscious processing
Parallel processing - the process of your eyes seeing something
Sleep and dreams - low level of consciousness of the outside world and reversible

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14
Q

What are biological rhythms

A

Different fluctuations of the brains sub-consciousness
1. annual or seasonal
2. 24 hour cycles (circadian rhythms), natural sun goes down we wanna be asleep, sun comes up we wanna be awake

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15
Q

What are examples of biological clocks

A
  1. desynchronizing the clock. Jet lag, shift-work problems, insomnia
  2. resetting the clock. using bright light to wake up, using melatonin to help with insomnia.
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16
Q

Why do we need sleep

A
  1. Adaptive Evolutionary Function - helps us conserve our energy and keeps us safe (sleep at night when we cant see well, biological)
  2. Restorative Function - helps with cellular growth and repair
  3. Brain Plasticity - enhances synaptic connections and memory consolidation
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17
Q

What does chronic sleep deprivation result in

A
  • decreased alertness and cognitive function
  • inability to sustain attention
  • less complex brain activity
  • adverse effects on decision making
    It is advised 7-9 hours of sleep
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18
Q

What does EEG measure

A

Our sleep waves/brain activity when we sleep

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19
Q

Stage W?

A

Wakefulness
Called Beta Waves when alert
High frequency, low amplitude
Called Alpha Waves when relaxed
Increased amplitude and more synchronous

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20
Q

Stage N1?

A

Called Theta Waves
Happens in shallow sleep

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21
Q

Stage N2?

A

Also theta waves
This is when sleep spindles happen

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22
Q

Stage N3

A

Delta waves
full, deep sleep
slowest frequency and highest amplitude of brain waves

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23
Q

Stage R

A

REM sleep
EEG is similar to relaxed wakefulness

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24
Q

What does REM stand for

A

Rapid Eye Movement
This is when dreaming happens

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25
Non-REM sleep (stages N1-N3)
No rapid eye movement very little dreaming
26
How many cycles do we have per night?
Around 5 cycles every night of the stages of sleep Each cycle is around 90-100 minutes long
27
Stages in a typical night:
60% of the night in N1, N2 20% of the night in N3 20% of the night in REM
28
Reticular Formation
In the older part of the brain critical in sleep and arousal
29
Neurotransmitters for sleep
Serotonin, norepinephrine and acetylcholine GABA receptors help regulate sleep
30
How does light affect sleep
Light tells your brain to not produce melatonin and vice versa
31
How does sleep change across the life span
You need less sleep as you get older
32
How is sleep related to disease
- stroke and asthma attacks are more common at night and early in the morning - infectious diseases induce sleep - sleep deprivation hampers immune response - sleep problems are more common in those why psychological and other disorders
33
Sleep deprivation affects:
Your brain, heart, stomach, muscles, immune system, fat cells and joints. Heart - high blood pressure brain - decreased ability to focus stomach - more hungry fat cells - more deposits muscles - deprived joints - arthritis immune system - more susceptible to infectious diseases
34
What is Freud's Psychodynamic Approach to sleep
Sleep helps manifest and latent content
35
What is Cognitive Theory
Sleep helps the brain process information and memory
36
What is Activation-Synthesis Theory
Sleep helps the brain make sense out of random brain activity
37
Freud's Wish Fullfillment
Dreams helps provide safety in unacceptable feelings. This theory lacks any scientific approach.
38
5 types of sleep disorders
1. insomnia 2. sleepwalking/sleep talking 3. nightmares/night terrors 4. narcolepsy 5. sleep apnea
39
How common is insomnia?
Seen in 1 in 10 adults, but as people get older it's seen in 1 in 4 adults
40
How common is sleep apnea?
Seen in 1 in 20 adults
41
What do psychoactive drugs do?
They change mood and perception
42
When is drug use considered a disorder?
- diminished control - cravings, failed attempts to regulate - diminished social functioning - disrupts commitments - hazardous use - worsening problems
43
What neurotransmitter do drugs increase?
Dopamine
44
What can continued use of psychoactive drugs lead to?
- tolerance - physical/psychological dependence - addiction - substance use disorder - losing track of responsibilities - problems in workplace/relationships
45
Alcohol dependence mimics what in the brain/MRI?
Dementia lots of deterioration of the brain in MRI
46
What does alcohol do to your neural processing?
Slows it down Slows the sympathetic nervous system
47
How does heavy drinking after moderate drinking affect your body?
Moderate drinking depresses your vomiting response, so heavy drinking following moderate drinking will almost stop your vomiting response altogether and when your body needs to vomit, it won't, leading to alcohol poisoning/overdose
48
What are barbituates?
Tranquilizers
49
What do barbituates do?
- depress nervous system - can impair memory and judgement - Can induce sleep and/or help with anxiety
50
What are opiates?
- opium, heroin, methadone, codeine, oxycotin, morphine, fentanyl
51
What do opiates do?
- depress neural functioning - helps replace pain with pleasure - leads to lethargy and slow breathing - leads to cravings and withdrawals quickly - overflowing brain leads to it stopping from making its own endorphins
52
What do stimulants do?
- excite neural activity - speeds up body functions - helps us feel alert, lose weight, boost mood and performance
53
What are some side effects of nicotine?
- arouses the brain - increases heart rate and blood pressure - relaxes muscles and triggers the release of neurotransmitters that may reduce stress - reduces circulation to extremities - suppresses appetite for carbs
54
What are some side effects of cocaine?
- powerfully addictive - overflows the brain with dopamine, serotonin and norepinephrine - triggers aggression - emotional disturbances, convulsions, cardiac arrest and respiratory failure
55
Cocaine blocks the re-uptake of neurotransmitters
56
What are some side effects of meth?
- stimulates neural activity - body functions speed up - mood soars - releases dopamine - lasts about 8 hours - aftereffects: irritability, insomnia, hypertension, seizures, social isolation, depression and violent outbursts - reduces baseline dopamine levels over time
57
What are some side effects of ecstasy?
- releases dopamine and stored serotonin - dehydrates your body - damages serotonin producing neurons - suppresses immune system - impairs memory - disrupts sleep
58
What are some side effects of hallucinogens?
- distorts perceptions - evokes sensory images - dissolves sense of self - can invoke experiences similar to near death
59
What are some side effects of THC?
- amplifies sensitivity to senses - impairs motor coordination and reaction time - lingers in the body for more than a week - alleviates chronic pain - not associated with lung cancer - associated with chronic bronchitis, psychosis, social anxiety disorder and suicidal thoughts - impairs attention, learning and memory
60
What are some biological influences of drug effects?
- identical twins have a higher risk of using if their twin does - genes that lead to the brain producing less dopamine than normal - drugs reprogram the brain's reward system

PSY100 (10 decks)

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