Chapter 4

Question 1

this is the life cycle of individual cells

Answer 1

cell cycle

Question 2

parent cells divide and produce what?

Answer 2

daughter cells

Question 3

a process of producing new cells from the pre-existing cells

Answer 3

cell division

Question 4

as parts of a plant reach their final form, most cells stop dividing, a process called?

Answer 4

cell cycle arrest

Question 5

the cell cycle can be divided into two phases, namely:

Answer 5

growth phase and division phase

Question 6

the part of the cycle without division is called?

Answer 6

interphase

Question 7

in general, this phase is the longest part of the cell cycle

Answer 7

G1 (Gap 1)

Question 8

during this phase, nucleotides are synthesized to be used for DNA replication

Answer 8

G1

Question 9

during this phase, the cell is recovering from division; conducts most of its normal metabolism

Answer 9

G1

Question 10

this phase is where the genes in the nucleus are replicated

Answer 10

S (Synthesis phase)

Question 11

during this phase, thousands of genes are attached in a linear sequence forming a chromosome

Answer 11

S

Question 12

this complexes with DNA and give it both protection and structure

Answer 12

histones

Question 13

a chromosome has a centromere and is capped by what on each end?

Answer 13

telomere

Question 14

some enter synthesis phase and replicate one or more times before differentiating, which is called?

Answer 14

endoreduplication

Question 15

a process where only some genes are replicated, usually those needed for the specialized metabolism of the cell

Answer 15

gene amplification

Question 16

during this phase, cells prepare for division

Answer 16

G2

Question 17

during this phase, the alpha and beta tubulins necessary for spindle microtubules are synthesized

Answer 17

G2

Question 18

during this phase, the cell produces proteins for processing
chromosomes and breaking down the nuclear envelope

Answer 18

G2

Question 19

G1, S, and G2 constitues?

Answer 19

interphase

Question 20

a term to describe the process of nuclear division

Answer 20

karyokinesis

Question 21

what are the two types of cell division

Answer 21

mitosis and meiosis

meiosis: duplication division
mitosis: reduction division

Question 22

a term to describe the process of cytoplasmic division

Answer 22

cytokinesis

Question 23

under mitotic division, the number of phases sister chromatids are separated into daughter cells are? namely:

Answer 23

four phases; (PMAT) prophase, metaphase, anaphase, and telophase

Question 24

during this division phase, the chromosome condense by coiling

Answer 24

prophase

Question 25

during this division phase, the nucleolus becomes invisible, and the nuclear envelope breaks into vesicles

Answer 25

prophase

Question 26

this is a protein layer on each chromatid

Answer 26

kinetochore

Question 27

what pushes and pulls the chromosomes toward the cell center during metaphase?

Answer 27

microtubules

Question 28

at the end of this phase in mitotic division, an enzyme breaks down the connection between sister chromatids

Answer 28

metaphase

Question 29

when microtubules push and pull the chromosomes toward the cell center, what do they form?

Answer 29

metaphase plate

Question 30

in this phase in mitotic division, spindle microtubules shorten and pull the twin chromatids toward opposite poles of the cell

Answer 30

anaphase

Question 31

this phase is mostly a reversal of prophase

Answer 31

telophase

Question 32

as the chromatids reach each pole of the cell, complete nuclear envelopes form and surround each group of chromatids, what phase of mitotic division is this?

Answer 32

telophase

Question 33

during this phase, chromosomes uncondense, new nuceloli appear, and spindle depolymerizes and disappears

Answer 33

telophase

Question 34

no matter how the protoplast divides, each half typically contains what important cell membranes?

Answer 34

mitochondria, plastids, endoplasmic reticulum, and vacuoles

Question 35

during this phase, the preprophase band forms just inside the plasma membrane

Answer 35

prophase

Question 36

during this phase, the plane of division is identified, and the region where the new cell wall will attach to is marked

Answer 36

prophase

Question 37

this is a set of short microtubules that forms in the center of the cell

Answer 37

phragmoplast

Question 38

this traps dictyosome vesicles

Answer 38

phragmoplast

Question 39

these are called the cell plate; grows outward until they fuse with those of a mother cell

Answer 39

phragmoplast, vesicle, and walls

Question 40

this kind of division is accomplished with a phragmosome

Answer 40

vacuole division

Question 41

vacuole division is accomplished with?

Answer 41

a phragmosome

Question 42

this is a set of microtubules, actin filaments, and cytoplasm

Answer 42

phragmosome

Question 43

this is referred to as reduction division

Answer 43

meiosis

Question 44

this is referred to as duplication division

Answer 44

mitosis

Question 45

what must be done to produce a diploid zygote?

Answer 45

haploid sex cells (gametes) must fuse together

Question 46

this only occurs in the production of reproductive cells

Answer 46

meiosis

Question 47

how many rounds of division is involved in meiosis?

Answer 47

two i.e. meiosis I and meiosis II

Question 48

during meiosis, which phase does not occur after the first division?

Answer 48

S phase

Question 49

prophase I is divided into five stages, namely:

Answer 49

(LZPDD) leptotene, zygotene, pachytene, diplotene, and diakinesis

Question 50

during this phase in meiotic division, chromosomes begin to condense and become distinguishable but indistinct

Answer 50

prophase I

Question 51

in meiotic division (prophase I), this stage is characterized by the synapsis of homologs

Answer 51

zygotene

Question 52

this structure is present between the paired homologous chromosomes

Answer 52

synaptonemal complex

Question 53

a synapsed pair of homologous chromosomes is called?

Answer 53

bivalent

Question 54

during this stage in meiotic division (prophase I), chromosomes shorten and thicken

Answer 54

pachytene

Question 55

during this stage in meiotic division (prophase I), the homologous chromosomes move away from each other but are held together by the centromeres

Answer 55

diplotene

Question 56

this is the area of crossing over; a point where chromosomes are tangled together

Answer 56

chiasmata

Question 57

during this stage in meiotic division (prophase I), the homologs continue to separate, and the chiasmata move toward ends until they untangle

Answer 57

diakinesis

Question 58

this phase is wherehs the spindle microtubules move the homologs to the center of the cell, forming a metaphase plate

Answer 58

metaphase I

Question 59

this phase involves the separation of homologs, moving to opposite ends of the spindle; two haploid nuclei have formed

Answer 59

anaphase I

Question 60

this phase is where the chromosomes begin to uncoil, nuclear envelop forms and nucleoli appear

Answer 60

telophase I

Question 61

if the cells progress to interphase, S phase does not occur, a process called?

Answer 61

interkinesis

Question 62

in meiosis II, this phase prepares the nucleus for cell division (if telophase I has occured)

Answer 62

prophase II

Question 63

which cell division do the centromeres divide at the end of metaphase II, separating the chromatids into two chromosomes?

Answer 63

meiosis II

Question 64

in meiosis II, this phase pulls the separated chromosomes to each side of the cell

Answer 64

anaphase II

Question 65

after meiosis II, each nucleus is?

Answer 65

a haploid

Question 66

process of nuclear division where chromosomes is reduced in half

Answer 66

meiosis

Question 67

process is identical to mitotic division, however results to four haploid daughter cells

Answer 67

meiosis II

Question 68

multinucleate cells are also known as?

Answer 68

coenocytes

Question 69

cell division may occur without nuclear division, which is commonly evident among?

Answer 69

algae, fungi, and the nutritive tissues of seeds

Question 70

in many of these organisms, the nuclear envelope and nucleoli do not break down until mitosis

Answer 70

algae and fungi

Question 71

the nuclei of this type of algae have no histones and chromosomes remain mostly condensed

Answer 71

dinoflagellates

Question 72

in some green algae, cytokinesis occurs by use of a?

Answer 72

phycoplast

Question 73

these are associated with divisions where the nuclear envelope does not break down

Answer 73

phycoplasts

Question 74

in this type of algae, cell division occurs by a phragmoplast , but the new wall grows inward from the pre existing walls

Answer 74

red algae

Question 75

cell division among prokaryotes are through?

Answer 75

binary fission

Question 76

these type of organisms are where mitosis and meiosis do not occur

Answer 76

prokaryotes

Question 77

this type of division process is where the circular DNA (plasmids) replicates, then are separated by membrane growth

Answer 77

(division by) binary fission

Question 78

in binary fission, cytokinesis occurs by a process of?

Answer 78

infurrowing

Question 79

which organelles involves their replication process appearing to be continuous throughout interphase

Answer 79

mitochondria and chloroplasts

Question 80

the replication of organelles and their DNA is?

Answer 80

episodic