Chapter 4

Question 1

intra

Answer 1

in, within, into

Question 2

inter

Answer 2

between

Question 3

infra

Answer 3

beneath, under

Question 4

abduction

Answer 4

moving away from

Question 5

adduction

Answer 5

opposite side

Question 6

ipsilateral

Answer 6

same side

Question 7

contralateral

Answer 7

opposite side

Question 8

sign vs symptom

Answer 8

sign is objective finding that a clinician can identify (ex. lab values, examination), symptom is subjective (ex. pain)`

Question 9

adrenal glands

Answer 9

also called suprarenal glands - located above kidneys

Question 10

parts of adrenal glands

Answer 10

adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla

Question 11

function of adrenal galnds

Answer 11

secrete hormones

Question 12

diseases of adrenal glands

Answer 12

Chronic adrenocortical insufficiency, cushings diease, cushings syndrome

Question 13

autoimmune

Answer 13

body makes antibodies against its own cells, inflammation and injury occurs

Question 14

autoimmune disease

Answer 14

lupus, rheumatoid arthritis, graves, celiac

Question 15

ectopic pregnancy

Answer 15

embryo implanted outside the uterus, most common location is fallopian tube (ampulla)

Question 16

triad ectopic pregnancy

Answer 16

abd pain, spotting, adnexal tenderness or mass

Question 17

embryo implanted outside the uterus, most common location is fallopian tube (ampulla)

Answer 17

ectopic pregnancy, 1:100 pregnancies

Question 18

risk factors for ectopic pregnancy

Answer 18

hx of previous, previous pelvic infxn, abd or tubal surgery, more than 2 abortions, IUD, assited reproduction

Question 19

Tx for ectopic pregnancy

Answer 19

surgery, medication (methotrexate - folic acid analog)

Question 21

prolapse

Answer 21

to sag

Question 22

lapse

Answer 22

means to slide, sag, or fall

usually talking about organs (bladder, uterus, rectum)

Question 23

ptosis

Answer 23

means the same as prolapse but is more commonly used when describing the drooping of eyelids

Question 24

proptosis

Answer 24

forward prolapse (exophthalmos - forward protrusion of eyes)

Question 25

symphysis

Answer 25

type of joint formed by cartilage, pubic symphysis - allows movement during pregnancy (mandible unites before birth)

Question 26

symbiosis

Answer 26

organisms in close association, mutual benefit/not, bacteria in GI tract

Question 27

parasitism

Answer 27

type of symbiosis but one organism benefits but the other does not

Question 28

antigen

Answer 28

foreign substance that stimulate the production of antibodies

Question 29

antibodies

Answer 29

protein substance made by WBC in response of foreign antigen

Question 30

Rh Factor

Answer 30

fetal red blood cells and maternal red blood cells mix during birth, etc - causes Ag to be present (no problem in FIRST pregnancy) By Second pregnancy there are Ab made to protect "against" fetal RBC - occurs in early pregnancy (can cause fetus to be anemic/jaundice/complications) Mother needs special medication to prevent her Ab from attacking fetal RBC (rhogam - Rh immune globulin that binds to Rh+ cells / prevents reaction) Rh+ do NOT need Rhogam - ONLY Rh-

Question 31

congenital anomaly

Answer 31

an abnormality a baby is born with NOT same as genetic disorder (can be genetic, can also be toxin exposed to) can be dx prenatally (neural tube defects - folic acid helps!)

Question 32

recombinant DNA

Answer 32

procedure that takes a gene from one organism and recombines it into the DNA of another organism used to manufacture insulin outside of body

Question 34

steps in recombinant DNA

Answer 34

polymerase chain rxn - causes rapid reproduction

Question 35

syndrome

Answer 35

group of signs/symptoms that are grouped together and indicate a particular disease or abnormal condition Examples: Reye's Syndrome, Marfan, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome

Question 36

fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 36

growth retardation before or after birth, facial anomalies (skin folds in corner of eyes, flat nasal bridge, thin upper lip, long smooth groove between nose and upper lip), joint contractures, cardiovascular defects, CNS dysfunction, microencephaly.

Question 36

marfan syndrome

Answer 36

inherited connective tissue disorder tall, thin body type with arachnodactyly, elongated head, heart and blood vessel abnormality (aortic root dilation/dissection), ophthalmic abnormalities (ectopia lentis)

Question 37

Leading cause of mental retardation in children

Answer 37

fetal alcohol syndrome (exceeds downs syndrome, cerebral palsy)

Question 38

What is the volume of alcohol ingested to cause fetal alcohol syndrome

Answer 38

unknown

Question 39

dialysis

Answer 39

complete separation Artifiical kidney machine that separates harmful products from the blood

Question 40

hemodialysis

Answer 40

removing toxins directly from the blood, long term access is from subcutaneous arteriovenous fistula (radial artery is anastomed to cephalic vein in an end to end anastomies

Question 41

peritoneal dialysis

Answer 41

using diffusion across a semipermeable membrane not offered to all patients - only for pts who are cleared for proper use of equipment and can keep a clean site to prevent infection

Question 42

what is dialysis used for?

Answer 42

end stage renal disease/failure 3 days week/4 hours session

Question 43

transurethral

Answer 43

through urethra/across urethra

Question 44

ultrasonography

Answer 44

uses ultrasound waves that produces an image or photograph of an organ or tissue liquid = black solid = white

Question 44

transurethral resection of the prostate

Answer 44

portion of prostate gland is removed with an instrument passed through the urethra. Performed when a patient has prostate enlargement (hypertrophy) helps alleviate symtpoms

Question 45

echocardiogram

Answer 45

ultrasound image of the heart