Chp 5 Flashcards
(150 cards)
1
Q
The passage of materials through the walls of the small intestine into the bloodstream is called
A
absorption
2
Q
small building blocks of proteins released when proteins are digested
A
amino acids
3
Q
an enzyme secreted by the pancreas and salivary glands to digest starch
A
amylase
4
Q
the terminal end or opening of the digestive tract to the outside of the body
A
anus
5
Q
blind pouch hanging from the ceum
A
appendix
6
Q
digestive juice made in the liver and stored in the gallbladder, breaks up large fat globules, composed of bile pigments, cholesterol and bile salts
A
bile
7
Q
pigment released by the liver in bile
A
bilirubin
8
Q
intestine
A
bowel
9
Q
pointed dog like teeth next to the incisors also called cuspids or eyeteeth
A
canine teeth
10
Q
first part of the large intestine
A
cecum
11
Q
consists of the ascending, transverse and sigmoid segments
A
colon
12
Q
carries bile from the liver and gallbladder to the duodenum also called the choledochus
A
common bile duct
13
Q
elimination of feces from the digestive tract through the anus
A
defecation
14
Q
swallowing
A
deglutition
15
Q
primary material found in teeth, covered by the enamel in the crown and a protective layer of cementum in the root
A
dentin
16
Q
breakdown of complex foods to simpler forms
A
digestion
17
Q
first part of the small intestine, measures 12 inches long
A
duodenum
18
Q
act of removal of materials from body
A
elimination
19
Q
physical process of breaking up large fat globules into smaller globules
A
emulsification
20
Q
hard outermost layer of a tooth
A
enamel
21
Q
chemical that speeds up reactions between substances, enzyme names end in -ase
A
enzyme
22
Q
tube connecting the throat to the stomach
A
esophagus
23
Q
substances produced when fats are digested, a category of lipids
A
fatty acids
24
Q
solid waste, stool
A
feces
25
small sac under the liver, stores bile
gallbladder
26
simple sugar
glucose
27
starch, glucose is stored in the form of glycogen in liver cells
glycogen
28
substance produced in the stomach necessary for digestion of food
hydrochloric acid
29
third part of the small intestine
ileum
30
one of four front teeth in the dental arch
incisor
31
hormone produced by endocrine cells of the pancreas, transports sugar from the blood into cells and stimulates glycogen formation by the liver
insulin
32
second part of the small intestine
jejunum
33
pancreatic enxyme needed to digest fats
lipase
34
large organ located in the RUQ of the abd, secretes bile/stores sugar, iron, vitamins. produced blood proteins and filters out toxins
liver
35
ring of muscles between the esophagus and stomach, AKA cardiac sphincter
lower esophageal sphincter (LES)
36
chewing
mastication
37
6th, 7th, 8th teeth from middle on either side of dental arch
molar teeth
38
roof of mouth
palate
39
organ behind the stomach, produces insulin and enzymes
pancreas
40
small projections on the tongue
papillae
41
salivary gland within the cheek, anterior to the ear
parotid gland
42
rhythmic contractions of the tubular organs
peristalsis
43
throat, the common passageway for food from the mouth and for air from the nose
pharynx
44
large vein bringing blood to the liver from the intestines
portal veins
45
enzyme that digests protein
protease
46
soft tissue within a tooth, containing nerves and blood vessels
pulp
47
ring of muscle at the end of the stomach near the duodenum, opens when a wave of peristalsis passes over it
pyloric sphincter
48
distal region of the stomach opening to the duodenum
pylorus
49
last section of the large intestine connecting the end of the colon and the anus
rectum
50
ridges on the hard palate and the wall of the stomach
rugae
51
digestive juice produced by salivary glands contains enzyme amylase
saliva
52
parotid, sublingual, submandibular glands
salivary glands
53
fourth and last, S shaped segment of the colon, just before rectum, empties in rectum
sigmoid colon
54
circular ring of muscle that constricts a passage or closes a natural opening
sphincter
55
muscular organ that receives food from the esophagus
stomach
56
fat molecules composed of three parts fatty acids and one part glycerol, subgroup of lipids
triglycerides
57
soft tissue hanging from the middle of the soft palate
uvula
58
microscopic projections in the wall of the small intestine that absorb nutrients into the bloodstream
villi
59
the gastrointestinal tract begins with the
oral cavity
60
the liver maintains
normal blood glucose levels, manufactures blood proteins necessary for clotting, releases bilirubin, removes toxins
61
the pancreas
both exocrine and endocrine, produces enzymes to digest starch, fat, and proteins, secretes insulin
62
lack of hydrochloric acid in the stomach, can cause gastric microbial overgrowth. increase risk for gastric cancer
Achlorhydria
63
end to end, end to side, side to side
anastomoses
64
lack of appetite
anorexia
65
lack of appetite (mental disease)
anorexia nervosa
66
symptoms of anorexia nervosa
weight loss, denies problem, extensive exercise, sexual disinterest, depression, dry/cracked skin, fine hair, growth arrest
67
most common condition leading to surgery in patients with abd pain
appendicitis
68
the treatment for appendicitis is
appendectomy
69
abnormal fluid accumulation in the abd, "dropsy" is old term
ascites
70
S/S include abd pain, abd discomfort in tight clothing, shortness of breath, anorexia, weight gain, and scrotal/penile edema in males
ascites
71
Causes of ascites include
peritoneal infxn/inflammation, metabolic disease, heart and hepatic congestion, traumatic, malignancy, lymphatic obstruction, infectious (hepatitis)
72
hyperactive intestinal peristalsis, rumbling or gurgling noise from movement of gas, fluid, or both. Common with diarrhea
Borborygmus
73
presence of fibroids with regenerative nodules in the liver
cirrhosis
74
cause of cirrhosis
alcoholism, chronic viral hep B, wilson's disease, cystic fibrosis, hemochromatosis
75
S/S of cirrhosis
fatigue, anorexia, N, abd pain, distension, weakness, malaise, jaundice, ascites
76
abd pain caused by spasm of intestinal muscles during the first 3 months of life
colic
77
when does colic usually subside?
3 mo
78
S/S colic
rhythmic crying/paroxysmal, no ability to console, fist clenching, back arching, drawing up legs, excessive flatus
79
opening to the outside of the body (colon)
colostomy
80
combination of changes in frequency, size, consistency, and ease of bowel movements
constipation
81
General measures for constipation include
Eliminate medications that cause constipation/make it worse, increase fluids & modify diet, stool softeners, enemas
82
S/S constipation
less freqency stooling, harder stool, impaction, difficulty expelling feces, painful evacuation, abd fullness
83
causes of constipation
electrolyte imbalance, hormonal abnormalities, congenital impairments, inadequate fluid intake, chronic laxative abuse, physciatric/culutral/environmental factors, pain
84
loose watery stool. abrupt onset in healthy individual (usually infectious). chronic is considered more than 3 weeks
diarrhea
85
types of diarrhea
acute viral, travelers, bacterial, protozoa
86
the sensation of difficulty swallowing, disorder of esophageal transport
dysphagia
87
oropharyngeal type dysphagia
choking when swallowing, coughing when swallowing, weak voice, aspiration pneumonia, weight loss
88
esophageal type dysphagia
pressure sensation in mid chest with solids/liquids/both, weight loss, GERD symptoms, longer time required to eat meals
89
cause of esophageal type dysphagia
malformations, neuromuscular, GERD, structural
90
flatus
eructation (burp), gas
91
presents with progressive abd discomfort frequently with weight loss, anorexia, nausea, acute or chronic GI bleeding, vomiting, early satiety.
Gastric Carcinoma
92
Diagnosis of Gastric Carcinoma
EGD
93
Tx of gastric carcinoma
gastrectomy, resection, chemotherapy, radiation
94
reflux of gastroduodenal contents into the esophagus with or without esophageal inflammation
gastroesophageal reflux (GERD)
95
S/S GERD
heartburn, regurgitation, dysphagia, angina-like CP, bronchospasm, laryngitis, chronic cough, globus sensation
96
cause of GERD
inappropriate relaxation of lower esophageal sphincter (LES), pregnancy, delayed gastric emptying
97
risk factors of GERD
food that lower LES pressure (high fat), food that irritate mucosa (citrsu), hiatal hernia, smoking/caffeine/alcohol, medications
98
bright red blood per rectum, seen in colonic tumors, ulcerative colitis, hemorroids
hematochezia
99
black dark tarry stolls, blood containing feces and some of the blood has already been digested
Melena
100
bleeding above the ligament of treitz, upper GI bleed
melena
101
yellow skin and other tissues from an elevated level of bilirubin in blood
jaundice
102
what is the best place to look for jaundice
sclera, urine
103
unpleasant sensation from the stomach with tendency to vomit
nausea
104
fat in feces, malabsorption of fat, pale/soft/bulky/malodorous stool that stick
steatorrhea
105
mouth ulcers, canker sores, white circular lesions surrounded by erythematous margin. pain subsides in 4-5 days , no treatment necessary
Aphthous stomatitis
106
tooth decay, nursing bottle carries, rampant caries after childhood may indicate marajuna use
dental caries d
107
herpetic gingivostomatitis, herpes simplex virus 1. Small vesicles that rupture and form ulcers. lasts 10-14 days. reactivated by stress
Herpetic Stomatitis
108
white patches of the mouth that cannot be wiped off. pre cancerous, needs biopsy
Oral luekoplakia
109
inflammation and degradation of the gums, teeth and surrounding bone. usually begins as gingivitis. pain is absent unless acute infection is present
periodontal disease
110
failure of the muscles of the lower esophagus to relax during swallowing, need to dilate esophagus or LES
Achalasia
111
abnormal passage near the anus, may connect with another structure (bladder/vagina).
Anal Fistula
112
a narrow slit in anal wall treated with increased fiber
anal fissure
113
polyps found in colon, causes rectal bleeding but mostly asymptomatic. larger lesions can cause abd pain and cramps
colonic polyposis
114
autosomal dominant disease of the colon in which 100 or more adenomatous polyps are in the colon. Malignancy before 40
familial polyposis
115
what is recommended for a patient with familial polyposis?
prophylactic colectomy
116
cancer of the colon
colorectal cancer
117
colorectal cancer is more common in _______ and is a (fast/slow) growing cancer
women, slow
118
Tx for colorectal CA
resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy
119
inflammatory disease of the small intestine colon or both.
crohns
120
crohns disease most often includes
terminal ileum inflammation
121
S/S Crohns Disease
diarrhea, abd pain, weight loss, abd tenderness, fistulas
122
intermittent bouts of inflammation of all portions of the colon
ulcerative colitis
123
S/S ulcerative colitis
bloody diarrhea, fever, wt loss, arthalgias, arthritis
124
out pouching in the intestinal wall. Herniation of the colon mucosa through the muscular layer usually at site of perforating artery
diverticula
125
an abscess or peri diverticular inflammation initiated by the rupture of a mucosal microscopic abscess into the mesentery
diverticulitis
126
painful inflamed intestines, often infectious. from unsanitary conditions
dysentery
127
cancer of the esophagus, squamous cell and adenocarcinoma are common types. smoking and alcohol are major risk factors
esophageal CA
128
S/S esophageal CA
dysphagia, wt loss
129
large collateral veins located in submucosa of the esophagus. More prominent in distal esophagus. Result from chronic high pressure in portal vein
esophageal varices
130
cholesterol or pigmented stones in gallbladder
cholelithiasis
131
inflammation of gallbladder
cholecystitis
132
stones in the common bile duct
choledocholithiasis
133
mostly asymptomatic. RUQ pain, epigastric pain, N/V, fatty food intolerance
gallstones
134
varicose veins in rectal region, internal and external
hemorrhoids
135
intestinal obstruction. associated with intraperitoneal or retroperitoneal infection. Often occurs after abd surgery
ileus
136
telescoping bowel
intussusception
137
S/S intussusception
N/V, BRBPR, intermittent colicky abd pain, palpable abd mass, lethary fever
138
spastic colon, altered bowel habits in the absence of organic pathology
IBS
139
S/S IBS
mucous in stool, constipation/diarrhea, abd pain
140
consists of duodenal and gastric ulcers, increased risk with smoking and age
peptic ulcer disease
141
pancreatitis
inflammation of the pancreas
142
grey turners sign
flank discoloration
143
cullens sign
umbilical discoloration
144
fourth leading cause of CA deaths, adenocarcinoma is most common type.
pancreatic CA
145
S/S pancreatic Ca
vague abd pain, wt loss, anorexia, painless jaundice, fatigue
146
Tx pancreatic CA
whipple
147
inflammation of the liver by a virus, increased risk for healthcare workers, hemodialysis, blood product recipient, homosexual, household exposure, organ transplant
viral hepititis
148
cancer of the liver, occurs in pts with chronic liver disease (cirrhosis)
hepatocellular carcinoma
149
volvulus
twisting intestines
150
