Chapter 4 Flashcards
(23 cards)
What is the overall equation for glycolysis?
Glucose + 2ADP + 2PI + 2NAD+ -> 2 pyruvate + 2ATP + 2NADH
Where does glycolysis occur?
Cytoplasm
What are the characteristics of glycolysis?
- First 10 reactions of cellular respiration
- Each step is catalyzed by a specific enzyme
- Anaerobic (no oxygen required)
What is produced from one glucose molecule during glycolysis?
- 2 pyruvates
- 2 ATP
- 2 NADH
What is substrate-level phosphorylation?
A process that generates ATP directly in glycolysis and the citric acid cycle.
What is the equation for pyruvate oxidation?
2 pyruvate + 2NAD+ + 2 CoA -> 2 acetyl-CoA + 2 NADH + 2H+ + 2CO2
Does pyruvate oxidation produce ATP?
No ATP is produced in this stage
What are the three changes to pyruvate during pyruvate oxidation?
- Carboxyl group is removed (decarboxylation)
- Remaining 2C molecule is oxidized to produce an acetyl group
- Coenzyme A bonds to the acetyl group to form Acetyl-CoA
What is the equation for the Krebs Cycle?
2 oxaloacetate + 2Acetyl-CoA + 2ADP + 2Pi + 6NAD+ + 2FAD -> 2CoA + 2ATP + 6NADH + 6H+ + 2FADH2 + 4CO2 + 2oxaloacetate
How many ATP are produced in one cycle of the Krebs Cycle?
1 ATP from one cycle
What is the total ATP yield from one glucose molecule through cellular respiration?
- 2 from glycolysis
- 2 from Citric Acid Cycle
- 32-34 from ETC/Chemiosmosis
= 36-38 ATP/glucose molecule
What initiates the electron transport chain (ETC)?
Oxygen begins the movement of electrons by interacting with Complex IV
What is the role of NADH and FADH2 in the ETC?
They are fully reduced and donate electrons to the chain
What creates the proton gradient during chemiosmosis?
The ETC results in a high concentration of H+ in the intermembrane space of the mitochondrion
What is chemiosmosis?
The ability of the cell to use the proton-motive force to do work
What is ATP synthase?
A large multiprotein complex that synthesizes ATP from ADP + Pi
How many H+ are required to form one ATP molecule?
3 H+
What is the ATP yield from NADH and FADH2?
- Every NADH = 3 ATP
- Every FADH2 = 2 ATP
What is the importance of oxygen in cellular respiration?
Oxygen is necessary for aerobic cellular respiration as it’s the final electron acceptor
True or False: The body can survive without food for several weeks.
True
Fill in the blank: The human body cannot survive without _______ for a few minutes.
oxygen
What happens to the body without oxygen?
Cell death and organ failure occur as the ETC shuts down.
What mechanisms does the body use to conserve water?
The body has mechanisms such as reducing sweating.
