Exam Breakdown

Question 1

What is a nephron?

Answer 1

Unit of a kidney

Question 2

At what point is reabsorption happening in the nephron?

Answer 2

All of the above

Question 3

What process is happening at the proximal part of the nephron?

Answer 3

Reabsorption, filtration, secretion

Question 4

What process is happening at the distal part of the nephron?

Answer 4

Reabsorption, filtration, secretion

Question 5

What process is happening at the Henle loop in the nephron?

Answer 5

Reabsorption, secretion

Question 6

What process is happening at the collecting duct in the nephron?

Answer 6

Secretion

Question 7

Define homeostasis.

Answer 7

Bringing body back to regular level; constant internal environment is maintained despite environmental changes

Question 8

Define sensor in the context of homeostasis.

Answer 8

Located in the tissues and organs of the body; sends a signal to the integrator when an organ operates beyond normal limits

Question 9

Define integrator in the context of homeostasis.

Answer 9

Control/processing centre that compares existing conditions to optimal functioning conditions and relays the signal to the effector

Question 10

Define effector in the context of homeostasis.

Answer 10

Makes a response to restore normal balance if the environmental condition is outside the set point

Question 11

What is negative feedback?

Answer 11

A build-up of products of a reaction inhibits the rate of further reaction

Question 12

Provide an example of negative feedback.

Answer 12

Thermostat

Question 13

What is positive feedback?

Answer 13

Sets in motion a chain of events that intensifies the changes for an original condition

Question 14

Provide an example of positive feedback.

Answer 14

Childbirth

Question 15

What hormone is involved in childbirth?

Answer 15

Oxytocin

Question 16

What is the role of the hypothalamus in a stress response?

Answer 16

Signals the adrenal medulla

Question 17

What hormones are secreted by the adrenal medulla during a stress response?

Answer 17

Epinephrine and norepinephrine

Question 18

What is the effect of epinephrine?

Answer 18

• Glycogen breakdown into glucose
• Increases blood sugar level
• Increases heart rate and respiratory rate
• Vasodilation
• Retinal dilation

Question 19

What is the effect of norepinephrine?

Answer 19

• Same effects as epinephrine
• Increases blood pressure
• Affects the amygdala

Question 20

What is the function of the hypothalamus in the endocrine system?

Answer 20

Receives information and passes it onto the next hormone

Question 21

What is the role of the posterior pituitary gland?

Answer 21

Stores and passes on hormones from the hypothalamus

Question 22

What is the role of the anterior pituitary gland?

Answer 22

Creates its own hormones

Question 23

What are the five components of negative feedback?

Answer 23

• Stimulus
• Sensor
• Integrator
• Effector
• Response

Question 24

Fill in the blank: If _____ is absent, the lagging strand takes longer to replicate because it is in the opposite direction.

Answer 24

DNA polymerase

Question 25

What are Okazaki fragments?

Answer 25

Short sequences of DNA synthesized on the lagging strand

Question 26

What are the four structures of proteins?

Answer 26

* Primary * Secondary * Tertiary * Quaternary

Question 27

What is the role of glucocorticoids in the body?

Answer 27

Help convert macromolecules into glucose

Question 28

What are the two types of nervous systems?

Answer 28

* Central Nervous System * Peripheral Nervous System

Question 29

What is the order of components in the sympathetic nervous system response?

Answer 29

* Receptor * Afferent * Interneuron * Efferent * Effector

Question 30

True or False: The amygdala is an attention center in the brain affected by norepinephrine.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

What does the term 'wobble hypothesis' refer to?

Answer 31

Explains how some tRNA can pair with more than one codon