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HGD EXAM TWO > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(62 cards)

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1
Q

What are specific cells in the brain that store cells and information?

A

Neurons

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2
Q

What are the names of the small knobs on the ends of axons that transmit information from neuron to neuron?

A

Terminal Buttons

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3
Q

What is the part of the neuron that sends information away from the neuron?

A

Axon

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4
Q

What is that fatty layer around the axon to protect it?

A

Myelin Sheath

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5
Q

What are the little gaps between the Myelin Sheath called?

A

Nodes of Renoir

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6
Q

What is the control center of the neuron called?

A

Cell Body

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7
Q

Branch-like things that receive information from other neurons?

A

Dendrites

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8
Q

Which lobe of the brain is responsible for visual processing?

A

Occipital Lobe

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9
Q

Which lobe is responsible for motor coordination?

A

Parietal Lobe

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10
Q

Which lobe is responsible for memory and hearing?

A

Temporal Lobe

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11
Q

What is the term for growth when we grow from the head to the tail?

A

Cephalocaudal Trend

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12
Q

What is the term for growth that goes from the midline out?

A

Proximodistal Trend

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13
Q

What is the best nutrition for an infant?

A

Breast Milk

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14
Q

Which theorist proposed cognitive development?

A

Piaget

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15
Q

Piaget’s first cognitive stage is called what?

A

Sensorimotor

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16
Q

Synapses

A

Microscopic gaps or spaces between individual neurons where information is exchanged

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17
Q

Synaptic Pruning

A

When neurons are not stimulated, they will lose their synapses and synaptic connections

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18
Q

Shaken Baby Syndrome

A

A severe form of child abuse that results from violent shaking of an infant

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19
Q

Gross Motor Skills

A

Control over actions that help children move about in their environment

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20
Q

Fine Motor Skills

A

Smaller movements, such as reaching or grasping

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21
Q

Malnutrition - Two Diseases

A

Marasmus and Kwashiorkor

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22
Q

Marasmus

A

Occurs as a result of a mother’s malnourishment and is passed along to the infant during the first year of life as a result of an inadequate milk supply and not enough formula

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23
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Caused by an unbalanced diet very low in protein

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24
Q

Assimilation

A

The process by which children use their present schemes or organized knowledge, existing stage of cognitive development, and current way of thinking to understand an experience

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25
Accomodation
The process by which children alter their existing way of thinking in an effort to understand or behave in response to a new event, new information, or a new experience that can no longer be assimilated into existing schemas
26
Object Permenance
Infants are able to understand that objects still exist, even when they are unable to touch, hear, or see them
27
Divided Attention
Involves concentrating on more than one activity at a time
28
Executive Attention
Planning a goal, providing attention to that goal, working through any errors that may occur, and finally monitoring the progress that one has made
29
Joint Attention
When two or more individuals focus on the same object or event
30
Memory
The retention of information over a period of time Implicit and Explicit
31
Implicit Memory
Memory with unconscious recollection; it is merely a memory of skill and routine procedures that are performed automatically
32
Explicit Memory
Refers to the conscious memory of facts and experiences
33
Aphasia
Loss or impairment with regard to language processing
34
Nativists
Language researchers who believe that biological processes and innate mechanisms direct language development
35
Language Acquisition Device
The innate tendency to acquire human language
36
Universal Grammar
All of the world’s languages share a similar, underlying structure
37
Surface Structure
Each language is unique in vocabulary and specific rules
38
Deep Structure
All languages shared an underlying set of rules that governed our ability to transform our ideas into words
39
Shaping
The tendency to require additional refinement in behavior before reinforcement is provided
40
Recasting
The deliberate rephrasing of an utterance or phrase into either a question or a grammatically correct sentence
41
Expanding
The purposeful restatement of a simple phrase into a linguistically sophisticated and grammatically correct form
42
Labeling
The intentional naming of objects
43
Infant-directed speech (IDS or “motherese”)
When a caregiver speaks in a higher pitch than normal, using simple words and sentences
44
Pre-Linguistic Development
Children develop language according to an invariant sequence of steps or stages
45
Echolalia
The automatic repetition of sounds of words
45
Expressive Vocabulary
The number of words that someone uses in the production of language
46
Intonation
The use of pitches of varying levels to help communicate meaning
47
Receptive Vocabulary
The number of words that someone understands
48
Naming Explosion
A rapid burst of vocabulary
49
Overextension
The meaning of one word to refer to things and actions for which they do not know the words
50
Under extension
Applying a word too narrowly
51
Habituation
The potential for measuring an infant’s intelligence, the speed at which habituation or recognition of the item occurs may be related to both a baby’s neurological and cognitive development
52
Valence
The extent to which an individual is attracted to or repelled by an experience
53
Primary Emotions
Joy, sadness, anger, fear
54
Stranger Anxiety
An emotional reaction marked by caution and wariness when an infant encounters an unfamiliar person
55
Separation Anxiety
A fear and distress reaction displayed by infants when their primary caregiver leaves their side
56
Temperament
The patterns of arousal and emotionality that are a consistent and enduring characteristic of an individual
57
Goodness of Fit
Finding a match between a child’s temperament and the environmental demands that the child must cope with
58
Broca's Aphasia
Executive Functioning
59
Broca's Area
Frontal Lobe
60
Wernicke's Aphasia
Processing Language
61
Wernicke's Area
Parietal Lobe

HGD EXAM TWO (3 decks)

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