Chapter 4 Flashcards
(16 cards)
Define chunking strategy:
A memory strategy that involves taking individual components from a list, and grouping them together by related meaning.
Define maintenance rehearsal:
A memory strategy that involves repeating a piece of information in order to keep it working it into memory, untill it has been incorporated into long-term memory. (flashcards!)
Define a Mnemonic:
A mnemonic is a memory device strategy that uses memorable statements, rhymes, acronyms and more to remember a piece of information.
A participant in a study is asked to recall the appearance of other people after viewing them while dancing, and uses the phrase “yellow cat fellow” to remember the appearance of one person. This person is using a:
a. Maintenance rehersal.
b. Mnemonic.
c. Chunking.
d. Peg word system.
Mnemonic.
Define a peg-word system:
It is a specific serial mnemonic technique, where you visualize or associate different words with specific pre-set list numbers or words.
Define crystalized knowledge:
It is a person general knowledge, vocabularly, reasoning, and skills. This is adapted over time due to learning from experiences, so crystalized intelligence will increase with age. Peaks in middle adulthood.
Define fluid knowledge:
Fluid knowledge is someone’s current abilities, specifically an ability to solve novel reasoning problems. This will peak in early adulthood.
Define pre-conventional morality:
pre-conventional morality occurs during childhood, and is when decisions are primarily based on self-interest and avoiding punishment or harm.
Define conventional morality:
Conventional morality occurs during adolescence and early adulthood, where decision begin to be guided by social expectations, relationships, law, and societal order.
Define post-conventional morality:
Post-conventional morality is advanced moral reasoning, that occurs during adulthood. This is when decisions are guided by higher ethical prnciples and individual right sbeyond societal laws.
A study shows that family functioning increases with the mother’s age, until they reach late adulthood and then a decline is observed. Which of the following is the most reasonable explanation for this:
a. Mother’s post-conventional morality declines after adolescence.
b. As children age into young adults, they develop crystallized knowledge that leads them to be kinder to their mother.
c. As the mother ages, her crystallized knowledge will increase and allow for a healthier family construct.
d. Mothers are more likely to utilize pre-conventional morality during middle adulthood.
C - As the mother ages, her crystallized knowledge will increase and allow for a healthier family construct.
An individual who identifies themselves with being a moderate supporter of a political movement is presented with a number of articles, some of which provide support of the movement and some that disagree with it. What is the most likely result?
a. The individual changes their view to oppose the movement.
b. The individuals’ opinion on the movement is unchanged.
c. The individual increases their support of the movement.
d. The individual changes their view to a neutral opinion of the movement.
C - The individual changes their view to a neutral opinion of the movement, thanks to belief perseverance.
Define belief perseverance:
The concept that when people are presented with information, with varying opinions on a certain topic, people are more likely to believe the information that supports their pre-existing belief and reject information that refutes their opinion.
A study tracks reactions to negative words by asking a population of elderly men to focus on word pairs, and then asked to rate these words pairs as “upsetting”, “neutral”, or “pleasant”. The research decides they want to replicate this study, but investigate positive words instead. The researcher must:
a. Change the dependant variable.
b. Change the independant.
c. Change the population of participants.
d. Change both the independant and dependant variables.
b. Change the independant variable.
Here the independant (constant) variable is the word pairs used (negative words). The dependant variable is how the participant interprets the word.
Define threat avoidance:
Active or subconscious efforts to avoid things that may be percieved as threats.
Two groups were subjected to research investigating attention on threat perception. Participants were asked to focus a collection of negative words, and rate them as “threatening” or “neutral”. Someone with high threat avoidance behavior would mostly likely:
a. Rate more words as threatening.
b. Rate more words as neutral.
c. Focus on more neutral words.
d. Focus on more threatening words.
c - Focus on more neutral words.
