Chapter 4 Flashcards
(20 cards)
What is Salience?
Salience is the likelihood that a stimulus will be noticed or attended to by an individual in a given situation
Name three factors that determine salience?
- The physical attributes of the stimulus
- The situation in which that stimulus occurs
- The inherited and learned knowledge the individual brings to the situation
Fill in the blank:
In Pavlovian Conditioning, the emergence of to a stimulus that occurs along with a US is related to the of that potential CS.
In Pavlovian Conditioning, the emergence of CRs to a stimulus that occurs along with a US is related to the salience of that potential CS.
Predictors of important events are identified when they stand out from the background; that is, they are .
a) more easily; more intense
b) more easily; more salient
c) more easily; less salient
d) more easily; less intense
B
Predictors of important events are more easily identified when they stand out from the background; that is, they are more salient
True/False
Conditioning occurs faster when the stimulus is more intense
True
What did Kamin and Schaub (1963) find concerning the rate of acquisition of conditioned suppression in rats as a function of the intensity of the noise?
They found that the absolute intentsity of the CS is not what affects the speed of conditioning; it is how discriminable that stimulus is from the background
Explain Kamin and Schaub experiment. What did they do? What were their conclusion?
Kamin and Schaub experiment:
- demonstrated that the amount of conditioned suppression in rats is a function of how different the CS is from the background
- In some groups, the CS was increased by 10,20,30,35,80 decibels over background, and in others the noise CS was decreased by the same amount
- Lower suppression ratio = stronger CS-US learning
- salience: CS reduction in group 1
- salience: CS increase in group 2
What can be inferred from the relationship between stimulus salience and the speed of Pavlovian Conditioning?
Anything that makes a stimulus more noticeable increases its salience and thus the likelihood that an individual will attend to that stimulus and select it as a candidate CS in Pavlovian Conditioning
Define overshadowing
Overshadowing is used to describe a situation in which conditioning occurs to one of the stimuli that accompany a US at the expense of other simultaneously presented stimuli.
Fill in the blank
Conditioned Taste Aversions are more likely to occur to tastes than to ones, even when the taste is in closer temporal proximity to the illness than the taste during conditioning
Conditioned Taste Aversions are more likely to occur to novel tastes than to familiar ones, even when the familiar taste is in closer temporal proximity to the illness than the novel taste during conditioning
True/False
Salience is not affected by familiarity, and the circumstances under which the individual becomes familiar with something does not affect the salience
False
Salience is affected by familiarity, and the circumstances under which the individual becomes familiar with something is a factor that affects the salience.
Describe the CS Preexposure Effect
- The CS Preexposure Effect (latent inhibition) is the retardation of Pavlovian conditioning by familiarity with the CS in the absence of a US prior to conditioning
- States that prior experience with a potential CS outside of Pavlovian conditioning procedure (CS alone) retards the course of later Pavlovian conditioning when that stimulus event becomes a predictor of a US.
- Occurs when the to-be-CS is experienced alone before presenting it in a nonzero contingency with a US
What is the procedure for demonstrating a CS preexposure effect?
- No-preexposure group: provides baseline for evaluating CS preexposure effect (in the CS1 preexposure group) and data on normal course of acquisition with the chosen CS and US
- CS2 Preexposure: provides a control for preexposure to another stimulus
- CS1 Preexposure in B: used to demonstrate that the CS1 Preexposure effect is context specific
Describe the relationship between zero contigency and learned irrelevance
- Exposure to a zero contigency teaches individuals that two events are unrelated
- As a result, individuals take longer to acquire a Pavlovian CR with the same CS and US.
- Effect is attributed to the individuals making a causal inferece - learned irrelevance (stimulus is not related to US)
Relative Validity is:
a) The retardation of Pavlovian conditioning by familiarity with the CS
b) Occurs when one stimuli that accompanies a US is conditioned while the other is not
c) How well a CS predicts the occurrence of a US relative to how well other CSs predict the occurrence of that same US.
d) Making sure you are measuring what you actually want to measure
C
Relative validity is how well a CS predicts the occurrence of a US relative to how well other CSs predict the occurrence of that same US.
What occurs to a stimulus with a high relative validity in terms of overshadowing?
A stimulus with a high relative validity will overshadow those with lesser validity
Individuals are able to not only that there is a consistent relationship between events, they are able to those relationships and which has the highest correlation with the US.
a) detect; learn; asses
b) learn; assess; detect
c) assess; detect; learn
d) detect; learn; assess
D
When is learning initiated?
- Learning is initiated when an individual experiences an unanticipated or surprising event like a sudden occurence of a US.
- Conditioning occurs when the CS provides the individual information about the occurence of the US.
What occurs during surprise?
- Individuals are surprised when something unanticipated or unexpected occurs
- Learning is initiated by unanticipated or surprising events.
