chapter 4

Question 1

eriksons stages of early psychosocial development:

Answer 1

says that there are stages at each point in life that represents a crisis that must be resolved in that stage. it is a psychoanalytic theory
-the early stages are infancy and toddler

Question 2

eriksons stages of early psychosocial development: basic trust vs mistrust (stage 1)

Answer 2

• trust forms when parents meet the childs needs
• mistrust forms when parents fail in some way to meet the childs needs
• ideally in this stage forms hope
• hope: according to erikson, an openness to new experience tempered by wariness that occurs when trust and mistrust are in balance

Question 3

eriksons stages of early psychosocial development: autonomy vs shame and doubt (stage 2)

Answer 3

• autonomy develops as children learn that they can control their actions, and seek independence
• shame develops in response to failure
• doubt exists when children are uncertain of their ability to handle demanding situations
• will: the understanding that they can act on the world intentionally, which occurs when autonomy, shame and doubt are in balance

Question 4

the growth of attachment: ethology (and how it relates to attachment)

Answer 4

a branch of biology that studies the adaptive behaviours that are characteristic of different species
-attachment as an adaptive behaviour is what keeps parents close and encourages them to care for the child into maturity

Question 5

steps towards attachment: preattachment

Answer 5

birth to 6-8 weeks
-the baby is social towards adults, almost indiscriminately so (they arent really aware or care that they really only want to socialize with adults)

Question 6

steps towards attachment: attachment in the making

Answer 6

6-8 weeks to 6-8 months

-this is when the baby is more direct in socializing with the primary caregiver rather than any adult

Question 7

steps towards attachment: true attachment

Answer 7

6-8 months to 18 months

-baby shows trust now, and uses the primary caregiver as a source of reassurance

Question 8

steps towards attachment: reciprocal relationships

Answer 8

18 months and on
-the baby starts understanding that the primary caregiver is someone with feelings and such, which affects the childs behaviour of the relationship

Question 9

father-infant relationships

Answer 9

• fathers spend less time on caretaking and more on play as compared to mothers
• kids prefer dads for activities and moms for comfort
• kids are partially responsive to fathers because they anticipate playful interactions

Question 10

what is the strange situation

Answer 10

created by mary ainsworth, this is something that measures attachment behaviour in face of mild fear

Question 11

what happens in a strange situation

Answer 11

1. observer shows room to mom and infant
2. infant explores the room for 3m, mom does nothing
3. stranger comes in, does nothing for a minute, talks to baby for a minute, then approaches baby, mother quietly leaves
4. stranger does not play with baby, but tries to comfort baby if necessary
5. after 3m mom returns and consoles baby
6. when baby is playing again mom leaves, saying “bye bye”
7. stranger plays with and comforts baby
8. after 3m mother returns and stranger leaves

Question 12

strange situation: secure attachement

Answer 12

relationship where infants trust and depend on mothers

Question 13

strange situation: avoidant attachment

Answer 13

relationship where infants turn away from mother when they are reunited following a brief separation

Question 14

strange situation: resistant attachment

Answer 14

relationship in which after a brief separation infants want to be held but are difficult to console

Question 15

strange situation: disorganized attachment

Answer 15

relationship in which infants dont seem to understand whats happening when they are separated and later reunited with their mothers

Question 16

attachment Q-set

Answer 16

• is another way to measure attachment
• can also be used for young children
• trained observers watch children and mothers interact at home, and rate the child on attachment-related behaviours
• child is categorized as secure or insecure

Question 17

consequence of secure attachment

Answer 17

• they have higher-quality friendships with fewer conflicts

- more stable and higher-quality romantic relationships in adolescence

Question 18

consequence of disorganized attachment

Answer 18

these kids are more likely to have behaviour problems involving: anxiety, agression, and anger

Question 19

what parents do that forms secure attachments

Answer 19

it is more likely if the parents respond quickly and sensitively to kids

• if the parents are insensitive or inconsistent it is more likely that insecure attachemnts will be made
• fussy kids are more likely to have insecure relationships (probs because being fussy makes it harder for parents to be sensitive, if they do remain sensitive though, secure attachment is still likely)

Question 20

attachment: internal working model

Answer 20

this is the infants understanding of how responsive and dependable the caregiver is; thought to influence close relationships throughout the childs life
( a good internal working model is more likely if parents are sensitive, responsive and affectionate)

Question 21

basic emotions:

Answer 21

emotions that are felt by everyone, they consist of three elements: a subjective feeling, a physiological change, and an overt behaviour

Question 22

basic emotions: lewis

Answer 22

he suggested that newborns experience 2 general emotions :pleasure and distress (other emotions develop gradually)

Question 23

development of basic emotions: joy

Answer 23

developed at about 2-3m

-they show social smiles, which is when they smile when they see a human face

Question 24

development of basic emotions: anger

Answer 24

developed at 4-6m

Question 25

development of basic emotions: fear

Answer 25

developed at about 6m -they show stranger wariness: the first distinct signs of fear, when they are wary about an unfamiliar face. the wariness is influenced by the child's familiarity with the environment, and the strangers behaviour

Question 26

emergence of complex emotions

Answer 26

complex or self conscious emotions, contain a self-evaluative component - these depend on an understanding of self, which typically occurs at 15-18m - the actual complex emotions emerge at about 18-24m - these include pride, guilt, and embarrassment

Question 27

the cultural differences in emotional expression

Answer 27

- european american babies express emotions more overtly than chinese babies - east asian babies are a lot less likely to express anger than north american babies - north american children show pride in personal achievement - asian kids are embarassed by displays of personal achievement, but are proud of group achievement

Question 28

recognizing others emotions: facial expression

Answer 28

by 4-6m infants distinguish among different facial expressions - they are especially attentive to negative emotions - they match their emotions to those around them

Question 29

recognizing others emotions: social referencing

Answer 29

behaviour in which infants in unfamiliar of ambiguous environments often look at their mother or father, as if searching for cues to help them interpret the situation

Question 30

what is regulating emotions

Answer 30

this is when we intentionally divert our attention to something else, or reappraise the meaning of an event, feeling, or thought to provoke less emotion.

Question 31

when do we start regulating emotions and how do we do it

Answer 31

about 4-6m - we look away from something upsetting - move closer to a parent when afraid - this all improves with age

Question 32

what is temperment

Answer 32

it is a consistent style or pattern of behaviour

Question 33

alexander thomas and stella chess

Answer 33

suggested that there are 9 dimensions to temperment, including activity and persistence -it is now believed that they overestimated the number of distinct emotions

Question 34

temperment: mary k. Rothbart

Answer 34

suggested that there are 3 dimensions to temperment 1. surgency/extroversion: how much a child os generally happy, active, and vocal, and regularly seeks interesting stimulation 2. negative effect: how much the child is angry, fearful, frustrated, shy, and not easily soothed 3. effortful control: when a kid can focus attention, is not easily distracted, and can inhibit responses

Question 35

hereditary and environmental contributions to temperment

Answer 35

- identical twins are more temperamentally similar than fraternal twins - negative affect seems more influenced by heredity than other traits - positive emotionality seems to reflect environmental influences - cultural differences exist in degree of emotional expression and amount of negative emotion

Question 36

belsky et al.

Answer 36

suggested that the type of temperment that a child has may make the child more susceptible to environmental influences (good or bad)

Question 37

how stable is temperment

Answer 37

it is moderately stable throughout infancy, childhood, and adolescence

Question 38

when does self awareness start to develop?

Answer 38

at about 15-18m we can recognize ourselves in a mirror - toddlers also look at pics of themselves rather than other people - refer to themselves by name, or other personal pronoun - they know their age and gender

Question 39

playing: parallel play

Answer 39

when kids play alone but are aware of and interested in what another kid is doing (this emerges soon after the 1st birthday)

Question 40

playing: simple social play

Answer 40

this is when toddlers play, and interact with other toddlers | -this begins at about 15-18m

Question 41

playing: cooperative play

Answer 41

this is when they play with a theme, so each kid would take a role (tea party, hide and seek, ect)

Question 42

helping: prosocial behaviour

Answer 42

any behaviour that helps another person

Question 43

helping: altruism

Answer 43

prosocial behaviour that does not benefit the person doing it

Question 44

when does altruism start

Answer 44

at about 18m | -you see kids comforting someone who is upset, or picking up something that someone else dropped