chapter 9 (part of): physical and cognitive development in adolescence Flashcards
1
Q
genetic mechanisms for maturation
A
- identical twins resemble each other more that other siblings
- timing of menarche for mothers and daughters is correlated
2
Q
environtmental mechanisms of maturation
A
- better nutrition= earlier puberty
- earlier menarche is seen in girls with much family conflict
3
Q
psychological effect of body image
A
- adolescnence worry about this more than any other age
- girls worry about it more that boys
- girls are more likely to dislike their appearance
4
Q
psychological response to menarche
A
- girls are pleased at signs of maturity
- irritated by period
- most girls know what to de because their moms told them already
- tell mom before friends
5
Q
psychological response to spermarche
A
- boys are usually prepared through reading rather than parents
- they dont really tell anyone
6
Q
moodiness in adolescence
A
- more moody than any other age
- mood changes depending on the environment
- relationship b\w mood and hormones is mild
7
Q
psychological effect of early maturation in girls
A
- lack self-confidence
- less popular
- depressed
- behavioural problems
- smoke and drink
- engage in early sex
- teen pregnancy
- worse jobs
8
Q
psychological effects of early maturation on boys
A
- some studies say that they date more and feel better about their physical capabilities
- some show that they are stressed about being off time
- some show that they’re stressed by puberty in general, but not the timing of it
- most studies say that any effects are temporary (unlike girls)
9
Q
nutritional needs in adolesence
A
-teens need more calories, calcium, and iron
10
Q
body mass index
A
an adjusted ratio of weight to height, used to determine if someone is overweight
11
Q
risks of obesity in chldhood
A
- peer rejection
- low self esteem
- high blood pressure and diabetes
12
Q
hereditary influence on obesity
A
weight correlates with biological parents, not adoptive
- genes may influence activity levels
- genes influence basal metabolic rate
13
Q
the role invironment plays in obesity
A
- tv advertisement encourages consumption of fattening foods
- parents may encourage overeating when they tell kids to finish the food on their plates
14
Q
what does an effective weight loss program for youth look like
A
- it focuses on, changing eating habits, encouraging activity rather than sedentary behaviour
- children learn to monitor these things with goals and rewards
- parents are trained to help kids with these things
- parents also monitor their owl lifestyle to be sure that they arent encouraging obesity in their child
15
Q
anorexia nervosa
A
refusing to eat, along with the irrational fear of being overweight
16
Q
bulimia nervosa
A
disease in which people alternate b\w binge eating and purging with vomiting and laxitives
17
Q
risk factors for anorexia and bulimia
A
- hereditary
- history of eating probs (picky/pica)
- negative self esteem
- mood and anxiety dissorders
- overly concerned with weight
- history of dieting
18
Q
risk factor of only anorexia
A
overprotective parents
19
Q
bulimia specific risk factors
A
childhood obesity
20
Q
risk factors for anorexia and bulemia in boys
A
- childhood obesity
- low self-esteem
- pressure from parents and peers to lose weight
- participation in sports that emphasize being lean
21
Q
factors of effective anorexia and bulemia prevention programs
A
- enable youth to become involved and learn new skills such as how to resist socail pressure
- change attitudes towards thinness
- change behaviours such as dieting and overeating
22
Q
physical activity in adolescence
A
- most are not active enough for health
- the amount that are sufficiently active decreases with age
- schools have been decreasing availability of p.e. classes
23
Q
effects of participating in sports
A
- increases physical fitness
- enhanced self esteem
- learn to take initiative
- teamwork and competitiveness
- learn social skills
- cause injuries
- encourage the use of steroids
24
Q
sleep in adolescence
A
- need about 9-10 hours per night
- more homework, part-time jobs, and social activities interfere with getting enough sleep
- lack of sleep can influence school performance, mood, and activities that require allertness
25
things that threaten well being in adolescence
- most are associated with risk taking behaviour (most teens underestimate personal risk)
- biggest risks include: impaired/reckless driving, risky tricks on skateboards and bikes, unprotected sex, use of illegal substances
26
piaget's formal operational period
- teens are able to apply psychological operations to abstract entities as well as concrete ones
- capable of deductive reasoning (even when it involves things that arent facts)
27
2 questionable aspects of piaget's formal operational period
1. formal-operational thinking as a capacity
| 2. formal operations as an endpoint
28
improvement of information processing in adolescence
- adolescence is a time when cognitive processes are tweaked
| - most abilities are in place, but there is room for improvement
29
working memory and processing speed in adolescence
-increased myelination gives teens the abilities of young adults
30
ways in which content knowledge, strategies, and metacognitive skill are better in adolescence
- they have more content knowledge than children, so they can learn from more experiences
- better at choosing and monitoring strategies for tasks
- can solve problems more analytially
- better at finding weaknesses in arguments
31
ways in which content knowledge, strategies, and metacognitive skill are held back in adolescence
- its greatly impacted by pre-existing beliefs
| - teens are selective in using their reasoning skills, depending on the benifits to them at the time
32
lawrence kohlberg
studied moral reasoning
- did this by giving people moral dilemmas and asking them what the protagonist would do and why
- said that there were 3 basic levels of reasoning (each having two stages)
33
Kohlberg's theory: preconventional level
- first level of reasoning, where moral reasoning is based on external forces
- obedience orientation (stage1): moral reasoning is based on the belief that adults know best
- instrumental orientation (stage 2): moral reasoning is based on the aim of looking out for ones own needs
34
Kohlberg's theory: conventional level
second level, moral reasoning is based on societies norms
- interpersonal norms (stage3): moral reasoning is based on winning the approval of others
- social system morality (stage 4): moral reasoning is based on maintaining order in society
35
Kohlberg's theory: postconventional level
morality is based on personal moral code
- social contact (stage 5): moral reasoning is based on the belief that laws are right and good
- universal ethical principles (stage 6): moral reasoning is based on moral principles that apply to everyone
36
things that back up Kohlberg's theory:
- people more through his stages in that sequence
| - there is a correlation b\w moral reasoning and moral behaviour
37
things that contradict Kohlberg's theory:
- moral reasoning isnt always consistent (people may think in different ways at different times)
- reasoning beyond stage 2-3 isnt consistent across cultures
38
cultural differences in moral reasoning from Kohlberg's theory:
-individual rights and justice (which he emphasized) are important in north american culture and judeo-christian theology but not in other cultures (hindus emphasize duty and responsibility to others)
39
gilligan's argument against Kohlberg's theory:
says that even in NA, the theory is male specific (males focus on justice, females focus on care)
-the difference however is actually very small
40
what promotes higher moral reasoning in teens
-exposure to more advanced moral reasoning
-discussing moral issues with someone at a higher level in moral reasoning
-involvement in religion (through doctrine, and seeing caring people)
-
41
hormonal mechanisms of maturation
- pituitary gland releases growth hormone and signals other glands to release hormones
- elementary school: adrenal glands release androgens, which will produce body hair
- later: ovaries release estrogen, testes release testosterone
