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EXCI 445 SPORT NUTRITION > CHAPTER 4 > Flashcards

CHAPTER 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

What is energy?

A

capacity to do work aka mechanical energy

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2
Q

Is work=force x d mechanical energy?

A

yes

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3
Q

Is power = work/time mechanical energy?

A

yes

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4
Q

What is mechanical energy?

A

muscle contraction

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5
Q

What is chemical energy?

A

glucose and ATP

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6
Q

What is energy expenditure equation?

A

energy/time in kj or kcal/unit

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7
Q

calorie

A

Energy needed to raise the temperature of 1 g water 1oC.

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8
Q

Calorie

A

expressed on food labels

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9
Q

Joule

A

energy required to move a mass of 1 g at a velocity of 1 m/s.

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10
Q

1 cal = ______ Joules

A

4.186

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11
Q

1 kilocalories = ____ kilojoules

A

4.186

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12
Q

Is energy lost when converted from one form to another? Give example

A

no

CHO and fat combustion cause muscle contraction and rest goes to heat energy

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13
Q

Joule provides what kind of energy

A

mechanical

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14
Q

Energy efficiency: chemical or mechanical energy?

A

BOTH

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15
Q

Energy efficiancy

A

% of total work

20% is what we use for human work

remaining 80% as heat (homeostasis)

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16
Q

Gross efficiency

A

ratio of total work to energy expended

GE=work/energy expended X 100%

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17
Q

For GE: as exercise intensity increases, energy expended __________(increases /decreases). ultimately, GE gets bigger or smaller?

A

energy expended decreases, so your GE will increase

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18
Q

Net efficiency

A

baseline is the energy expended at rest to resolve GE getting bigger

NE = work accomplished / (energy expended-resting energy ependiture) X 100%

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19
Q

Work efficiency

A

another way to calculate baseline where baseline is the energy cost of unloaded work

WE = work accomplished/ (energy expended-energy expended in unloading condition) X 100%

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20
Q

Delta efficiency

A

change in energy expenditure relative to the change in actual work accomplished per minute

DE: delta work accomplished/delta energy expended X 100%

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21
Q

Atwater factors for CHO, fat and protein

A

CHO=4kcal/g
Fat=9kcal/g
Protein=4kcal/g

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22
Q

Coefficient of digestibility for CHO, fat and protein

A

Carb 97%
Fat 95%
Protein 92%

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23
Q

Does fibre increase or decrease digestibility?

A

Fibre decreases digestibility

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24
Q

Energy content for fat depends on

A

structure of FA and TAG

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25
Energy content for protein depends on
type of protein and ntirogen content
26
If theres nitrogen in protein, does it give more energy or less energy?
less, nitrogen DOES NOT PROVIDE energy
27
What does the direct calorimeter test?
metabolic rate of person
28
Disadvantage of direct calorimetry
Not practical for field studies and assessment of energy expenditure during sport and exercise Some have developed direct calorimetry suits with the same principles but allows measurements to be conducted outside. Suit may impede movement however
29
How does the direct calorimeter prevent heat loss?
recirculated o2 and co2, water filtered out, oxygen is added
30
What does the closed circuit spirometry measure? How???
02 uptake and co2 production aka energy expenditure measured by seeing the difference in 02 uptake and co2 given off into the filter and by measuring TEMPERATURE
31
Disadvantage of closed circuit calorimeter
not suitable for exercise esp high intensity
32
What does respiration chamber (indirect) measure?
complete energy balance
33
Disadvantage to resp chamber
expensive, unrealistic, requires highly trained
34
Does the resp chamber measure heat directly?
NO
35
What does the open-circuit spirometry measure?
changes in inhaled and exhaled ambient air
36
WHat can do you with results of open circuit after?
calculate RER which is VCO2/VO2
37
Is open circuit indirect or direct?
indirect
38
Is resp chamber indirect or direct?
indirect
39
Explain douglas bag
-large plastic bags collect expired air -after collection, bags are closed and then emptied into gas meter to measure total volume -sample gas from bags analyzed for O2 and CO2 concentrations Analyzers such as that seen in this picture can analyze CO2 and O2 breath by breath Therefore, can look at rapid changes - can look at changes every few seconds to several minutes
40
REE is measured by direct or indirect calorimetry?
indirect
41
Conditions for resting energy expenditure
``` Resting in supine position >30 min before Fasting >12 h No exercised for >24-48 h No caffeine >4 h No nicotine >1 h No alcohol >48 h Darkened, quiet, thermoneutral environment Normal acid-base balance ```
42
What is RQ, what does it do?
resp quotient - ratio of CO2 production and O2 production that provides indication of primary substrate utilized during steady state exercise.
43
RQ of CHO
1 because oxygen molecules = co2 molecules
44
RQ of lipids
7 ish
45
What is expired represents the oxidation processes in the tissues for which 2
oxygen and N2
46
What is expired DOES NOT represents the oxidation processes in the tissues for which, and why?
CO2 because co2 release is based on bicarbonate pool. and the pool is sensitive to changes in acid base balance ebcause shifts in bicarbonate buffering system affects dissociation of gases
47
WHen is RER over 1?
hyperventilation (through lactic build up, you release co2) and lipogenesis
48
What is doubly labelled water?
administer a bolus dose of 2 stable isotope water difference between the 2 excretion rates repesent the co2 production rate, then co2 can be used to calculate EE advantage: can be done on free living people
49
disadvantage of doubly labelled water
expensive, only suitable for measurement over days or weeks
50
Sedentary (little or no exercise):
1.2
51
Lightly active (1-3 days/week):
1.375
52
Moderately active (3-5 days/week):
1.55
53
Very active (6-7 days a week):
1.725
54
Extra active (physical job or 2x training):
1.9
55
BMR
measured lowest oxygen uptake in resting thermoneutral conditions
56
RMR
energy required for the maintenance of normal body functions and homeostasis in resting conditions
57
if you are sedentary is your RMR larger or smaller than people who are very active?
larger
58
factors that affect energy balance
``` Weight Body composition Sex Activity intensity/type Age Genetics ```
59
what is energy balance?
balance calculated over longer periods
60
what’s a good indicator of energy balance?
Wt
61
BMR units
J/s
62
which efficiency is best at rest
gross
63
which efficiency is best during exercise
delta efficiency
64
labeled bicarbonate
Constant infusion of bicarbonate labeled (13C or 14C) to reach equilibrium with body’s CO2 pool - then any change results in changes in labeled CO2 production - applied for short period (hours/days)
65
heart rate monitoring
- HR – linear relationship with O2 uptake at submax exercise - less accurate especially at low levels of EE as at rest only slight movements increase HR but EE is same, emotions also change HR but not O2
66
accelerometers
Movement along 1, 2 or 3 axes Correlate well with EE but may underestimate Rough estimate or indication of EE
67
activity records
rough estimation, ppl tend to overestimate or underestimate PA

EXCI 445 SPORT NUTRITION (5 decks)

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