CHAPTER 5

Question 1

LI is absorption of what?

Answer 1

electrolytes

Question 2

SI is absorption of what?

Answer 2

food, absorption of water, nutrients nd electrolytes

Question 3

Digestion in CHO happens where

Answer 3

mouth, duodenum, pancreas

Question 4

Lipid digestion happens where

Answer 4

mouth, stomach, SI

Question 5

Protein digestion happens where

Answer 5

stomach, small intestine and pancreas

Question 6

in lipid digestion, which enyzmes digest primarily short and medium chain FA?

Answer 6

lingual lipase and gastric lipase

Question 7

Explain how LCFA are broken down.

Answer 7

bie and pancreatic lpase in small intestine causes breakdown of fat into FA, diacyglerols, and monoacylglycerols. Turns into micelles

Question 8

majority of digestion for proteins happens where

Answer 8

in small intestine

Question 9

What do proteases do

Answer 9

breaks down proteins and peptides, provided by small intestine and pancreas

Question 10

What do petidases do

Answer 10

hydrolyzes peptide bonds

takes short chains and transforms them into less than or equal to 3 amino acids

Question 11

What dos trypsin do?

Answer 11

used for protein digestion

comes form pancreas

breaks peptide bonds,

Question 12

Why does no digestion happen in the stomach for CHO digestion?

Answer 12

no digestions in stomach (HCl deactivates enzymes)

Question 13

Absorption of carbs: glucose and galactose

Answer 13

help of sglt carrier mediated transport

Need an Na+ and ATP

Leaves with help of GLUT 2

Goes to portal vein to liver to be converted to glucose

Question 14

Absorption of carbs: fructose

Answer 14

help of glut5 carrier mediated transport

NO ATP needed

Leaves with help of GLUT 2

Question 15

At rest or low [Insulin] in the blood, which transporter is used?

Answer 15

GLUT1

Question 16

When [Glucose and Insulin] are high or muscle is active, which transporter is used?

Answer 16

GLUT4

Question 17

Explain absorption of LCFA

Answer 17

micelle goes inside SI via carrier that acts like lipid bus.
TAG + apolipoproteins or phospholipids = chylomicrons

chylomicron leaves SI by passive diffusion

go to lymph system through subclavian vein

Question 18

More fat is absorbed with _______ than without.

Answer 18

bile

Question 19

Explain medium chain FA absorption

Answer 19

goes straight through passive diffusion

to the blood, portain vein to the liver

Question 20

What do the lipoprotein lipase do?

Answer 20

At the endothelial cells of adipose tissue, lipoprotein lipase (aka LPL)made by adipocytes and transported to endothelium breaks down triglycerides from chylomicron and VLDL particles liberating fatty acids.

in order to store TAG in adipose tissue

Question 21

Explain absorption of aa

Answer 21

Dipeptides tripeptides come in without help of Na+

amino acids need na+ help

ATP needed for both

di and tri turn into aa before leaving and heading to liver through portal vein

Question 22

Which absorbs faster; BCAA or AA?

Answer 22

BCAA

Question 23

Essential vs non essential: which absorbs faster?

Answer 23

essential

Question 24

Peptides or free aa: which absorbs faster?

Answer 24

peptides

Question 25

After aa are absorbed, what happens?

Answer 25

many are used by villus for protein synthesis | enzymes, hormones, N-containing compounds, glutamine used for energy, apoprotein

Question 26

When you take away the amino group from an aa, what can the carbon skeleton do (3 things)?

Answer 26

turn into FA turn into glucose used for energy

Question 27

exogenous protein

Answer 27

supplies 1/3 of the 300g of body protein synthesized daily

Question 28

endogenous protein

Answer 28

supplies 2/3 of the 300g of body protein synthesized daily

Question 29

one osmole means?

Answer 29

number of solute particles

Question 30

osmole is expressed how?

Answer 30

as density

Question 31

osmolarity of most bodily fluids is around what?

Answer 31

290 mOsm

Question 32

With consumption of some drinks during exercise with high osmolarity, where is that water going?

Answer 32

Into gut!

Question 33

vitamin absorption?

Answer 33

water soluble vitamins = absorbed in blood stream fa soluble vitamins = give to blood by micelles then chylomicrons are transported via the lympth to the bloodstream and eventually to the liver

Question 34

are minerals well absrbed in intestine? whats the conclusion then?

Answer 34

no so need to eat more than our bodies require

Question 35

Function of bacteria in digestive tract

Answer 35

Digest carbohydrates, proteins, and lipids that escape digestion and absorption. Ferment cellulose. Produce vitamin K, B12, thiamin, riboflavin

Question 36

positive stomach signals, explain

Answer 36

``` Nervous signals (stretch stomach) Gastrin release ``` cause relaxing of pyloric sphincter says ok for chyme to pass

Question 37

negative signals at duodenum, explain

Answer 37

Prevents dumping of excessive chyme into intestine fat content, carb content, rptein content, energy content, osmolarity, particle size

Question 38

Factors that affect gastric emptying

Answer 38

``` Volume of food ingested Exercise intensity Osmolarity Energy density Meal or beverage temperature Psychological stress Other factors ``` and positive/neg signals