Chapter 4

Question 1

all organisms inherit genetic information specifying their ____ and ____ from their parents

Answer 1

structure and function

Question 2

all cells arise from preexisting cells, so the genetic material must be replicated and passed from parent to progency each ______

Answer 2

cell division

Question 3

The classical principles of genetic were deduced by Gregor Mendel in 1865, from his experiment with _________

Answer 3

pea plants

Question 4

Mendel studied well-defined traits, such as _____, and could predict _____ by assuming each trait is determined by a pair of inherited factors, now called ___________-

Answer 4

he studied pea plants

well defined traits such as seed color

he predicted patterns of inheritance

inheritable factors called genes

Question 5

one copy _____ specifying each trait is inherited from each parent

Answer 5

allele

Question 6

His progeny (f generation) were hybrids that had yellow seeds yellow ____ and green _____

Answer 6

yellow dominant

and green recessive

Question 7

define genotype

Answer 7

is the genetic makeup of an individual

Question 8

define phenotype

Answer 8

it is the resulting physical appearance. the genotype of the F1 generation is Yy the phenotype is yellow.

Question 9

A dominant: recessive = (whats the ratio?)

Answer 9

3:1

Question 10

most cells of plants and animals are ____: containing two copies of each chromosome

Answer 10

diploid

Question 11

define meiosis

Answer 11

only one member of each chromosome pair is transmitted to the progency cell

Question 12

the sperm and egg are _____: containing one copy of each chromosome

Answer 12

haploid

Question 13

at fertilization, two ___ cells are combined to make a new _____ cell

Answer 13

haploid

diploid

Question 14

The fundamentals of mutation, genetic linkage, and relationships between genes and chromosomes were largely established by experiments with the ________

Answer 14

fluid fly, drosophila melangoaster

Question 15

in the early 1900s ___________________ were observed in the drosophila (fruit fly) that affected characters such as eye color and wing shape

Answer 15

mutations (genetic alterations)

Question 16

breeding experiments showed that some of these genes are inherited independently of each other. This suggests that the genes are ______ chromosomes that segregate independently during meiosis

Answer 16

diffwerent chromosomes

Question 17

genes located on the ___ chromosome are inherited together and are said to be linked

Answer 17

same chromosome

Question 18

genes located on the ___ chromosome are inherited together and are said to be linked

Answer 18

same chromosome

Question 19

DNA is a ______

Answer 19

double helix

Question 20

the backbones of DNA is made out of ____ whiles the outside is made of ____ and the inside is hydrogen bonds formed between purines and pyrimidines on opposite chains. The base paring is very specific: A always Pairs with T and G with C

Answer 20

backbones= sugar, phosphate

outside=bases

Question 21

the DNA helix turns every ___ nm. the distance between adjacent bases is ______nm

Answer 21

3.4 nm… distance between adjacent bases is 0.34 nm

Question 22

semiconservative replication is?

Answer 22

one strand of parental DNA is conserved in each progeny DNA molecule

Question 23

in the presence of DNA to act as a template ______ directed the incorporation of nucleotides into a complementary DNA molecule

Answer 23

DNA polymerase

Question 24

although DNA appeared to specify the order of amino acids in proteins, it did not necessarily follow that DNA itself directs protein synthesis. DNA is located in the nucleus of eukaryotic cells, but protein synthesis occurs in the ___________

Answer 24

cytoplasm

Question 25

RNA is single stranded, its sugar is _____ and it contains ___ instead of thymine (T), but this does not affect base- pairing

Answer 25

ribose, uracil

Question 26

Whats the pathway for the flow of genetic information (aka central dogma)

Answer 26

DNA---> RNA---> Protein

Question 27

RNA is synthesized from DNA templates (_______) , and proteins are synthesized from RNA templates (_______)

Answer 27

transcription, translation

Question 28

RNA polymerase: synthesis of ______ from a DNA template

Answer 28

messenger RNA (mRNA)

Question 29

Ribosomal RNA (rRNA)

Answer 29

is a component of ribosomes, sites of protein synthesis

Question 30

Transfer RNAs (tRNAS)

Answer 30

align amino acids along the mRNA

Question 31

some viruses contain RNA instead of DNA these viruses encode an _______: catalyzes synthesis of RNA from and RNA (RNA-directed RNA synthesis) most animal viruses replicate in this way. One group ( RNA tumor viruses) require DNA synthesis in infected cells. these viruses (now called _____) replicate via synthesis of DNA intermediate, a DNA provirus

Answer 31

enzyme retrovirus`

Question 32

Reverse transcriptase: experimentally to generate DNA copies of RNA molecule define recombinant DNA technology:

Answer 32

isolate, sequence, and manipulate individual genes from cell

Question 33

define restriction endonucleases:

Answer 33

they cleave DNA at specific sequence Bacteria have a variety of restriction endonucleases that cleave DNA at more than `00 distinct recognition site

Question 34

How does EcoRI digestions and gel electrophoresis of lambda DNA

Answer 34

ECORI recognizes the sequence GAATTC five sites in DNA of the bacteriophage lamda, so ranging from 3.6 to 21.2 kilobases

Question 35

the fragments of DNA can be separated by __________-

Answer 35

electrophoresis

Question 36

define the components and how electrophoresis works?

Answer 36

1. a gel of agarose or polyarcylamide is placed between two electrodes and the sample is added to the gel. nucleic acids are negatively charged so the migrate towards the positive electrode 2. smaller molecules move through the gel more rapidly, allowing the fragments to be separated by size

Question 37

_______ are commonly used for cloning DNA inserts of up to a few thousand base pairs

Answer 37

plasmids

Question 38

plasmids have an ____________ - the DNA sequence that signals the host DNA polymerase to start replication. Plasmid vectors also carry genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, so bacteria carrying the plasmids can be selected for

Answer 38

origin of replication (ori)

Question 39

Gene function can be studied by introducing cloned DNA into plant and animal cells (___________)?

Answer 39

gene transfer

Question 40

methods were initially developed using infectious viral DNA, thus it is called ______

Answer 40

transfection

Question 41

what are some other methods in which you can get gene function in eukaryotes:

Answer 41

- direct microinjection into the nucleus - coprecipitation of DNA with calcium phosphate to form small particles that are taken up by the cells - incorporation of DNA into LIPOSOMES that fuse with the plasma membrane - exposure of cells to brief electric pulses that open pores in the plasma membrane (ELECTROPORATION)

Question 42

cloned genes can also be introduced into the germ lines of multi cellular organisms. Mice that carry foreign genes (________) are produced by micro injection of cloned DNA into the pro nucleus of fertilizer egg

Answer 42

transgenic mice

Question 43

___________________________ are also used to get cloned genes into mice. cloned DNA is introduced into ES cells in culture, then transformed cells are introduced back into mouse embryos. the offspring are chimeric. a mixture of cells that arise from normal and transfected embryonic cells

Answer 43

embryonic stem (ES) cells