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Microbiology 125 > Chapter 4. > Flashcards

Chapter 4. Flashcards

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1
Q

Bacteria

A

Bacteria - simple, single-celled organisms, DNA not enclosed, Prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, binary fission (split into 2 equal parts), contain flagella

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2
Q

Distinguish a genus from a specific epithet.

A

a genus: Capitalized and

a specific epithet (species): not capitalized

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3
Q

Archaea

A

prokaryotic, peptidoglycan cell wall, found in extreme environments; pathogenic in humans

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4
Q

Fungi

A

Eukaryotic, nucleus containing DNA, uni/multi cellular, photosynthesis, chitin cell wall, sexually or asexual repoduction

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5
Q

Protozoa

A

nicellular, eukaryotic, move using pseudopods, flagella or cilia, photosynthesis, sexual/asexual reproduction

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6
Q

Algae

A

eukaryotic, photosynthetic, unicellular, cellulose cell wall.

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7
Q

Viruses

A

acellular, simple, one type of nucleic acid, must have host to survive.

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8
Q

Multicellular Animal Parasites/Helminths

A

eukaryotic, (flat/round worms)

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9
Q

Which groups of microbes are prokaryotes?

A

Bacteria and archaea

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10
Q

Which are eukaryotes?

A

Algae, Fungi, Protozoa

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11
Q

What are the three domains?

A

Bacteria, Archaea, Eukarya

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12
Q

Explain the importance of observations made by Hooke and van Leeuwenhoek.

A

He discovered life’s smallest structural units called ‘cells’; discovered live microorganisms

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13
Q

What is the cell theory?

A

all living things are composed of cells

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14
Q

Compare spontaneous generation and biogenesi

A

Belief that some forms of life could arise spontaneously from nonliving matter;

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15
Q

What evidence supported spontaneous generation?

A

Redi’s experiment with one covered and one uncovered meat jar producing maggots proved that this could not occur spontaneously

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16
Q

Identify the contributions to microbiology made by Needham,

A

1

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17
Q

Compare and contrast the overall cell structure of prokaryotes and eukaryotes.

A

Compare: both contain nucleic acids, proteins, lipids, and carbs; same chemical reactions to metabolize food, build proteins, and store energy.
Contrast: structure of cell walls and membrane, and absence of organelles

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18
Q

What is the main feature that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?

A

Prokaryotes: DNA not enclosed, singular arranged chromosomes, DNA not associated with histones, lack membrane-enclosed organelles, cell wall contain polysaccharide peptidoglycan, divide by binary fission
Eukaryotes: DNA in nucleus, muti chromosomal, histones, membrane-enclosed organelles, cell wall simple, mitosis

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19
Q

Identify the three basic shapes of bacteria.

A

coccus- round, bacillus- rod shaped, spiral- spiral

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20
Q

How would you be able to identify streptococci through a microscope?

A

strepto- chains, cocci- round

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21
Q

Describe the structure and function of the glycocalyx.

A

sugar coat surrounding a cell. made of viscous (sticky), gelatinous polymer that is externa to the cell wall. composed of polysaccharide, polypeptide, or both.

  • organized and firmly attached to cell wall: capsule
  • unorganized and loosely attached: slime layer
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22
Q

Why are bacterial capsules medically important?

A

they protect the cell from phagocytosis by the cells of the host. this is bad because it makes the bacteria able to cause disease in the host

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23
Q

Differentiate flagella, axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili.

A

Flagella: prokaryotic cells; long filamentous appendages that propel bacteria
Axial filaments: found on spirochetes; bundles of fibrils that arise at the ends of the cell beneath an outer sheath and spiral around the cell/spiral motion
Fimbriae: involved in forming biofilms; help bacteria adhere to epithelial surfaces
Pili: motility and DNA transfer (conjugation)

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24
Q

How do bacteria move?

A

Flagella, Axial filaments, fimbriae, and pili

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25
Compare and contrast the cell walls of gram-positive bacteria, gram-negative bacteria, acid-fast bacteria, archaea, and mycoplasmas.
Gram positive: many layers of peptidoglycan, thick, rigid structure; contain teichoic acids Gram negative: thin layer of peptidoglycan, outer membrane made of lipopolysaccharides, lipoproteins, and phospholipids. Acid-fast bacteria: high concentration of hydrophobic waxy lipid (mycolic acid), thin layer of peptidoglycan Archaea: may have no cell wall, or unusual walls of polysaccharides and proteins- no peptidoglycan. Mycoplasmas: no cell wall
26
Why are drugs that target cell wall synthesis useful?
Bacterial cell walls are made of different material as Eukaryotic cells
27
Differentiate protoplast, spheroplast, and L form.
Protoplast: a gram-positive bacterium or plant cell treated to remove the cell wall Spheroplast: gram-negative bacterium treated to damage the cell wall; spherical cell L form: prokaryotic cell that lack a cell wall; can return to walled state
28
How do protoplasts differ from L forms?
L forms can return to a walled state
29
compare and contrast overall cell structure of prokaryote and eukaryote cells
prokaryote: - one singular chrosome, not in a membrane - no histones (naked DNA) - no membrane bound organelles - peptidoglycan cell walls if bacteria - pseudomerian cell walls if archaea - divide by binary fission eukaryote: - paired chromosomes, in nuclues - histones around dna - membrane bound organelles - polysaccharide cell walls - mitotic spindle
30
what is the main feture that distinguishes prokaryotes from eukaryotes?
the nucleus!
31
identify the three basic shapes of bacteria
- baccilus- rod shaped - coccus- spherical - sprial: spirillum (one kink), vibro(comma shaped), spirochete (multiple kinks)
32
arrangements of bacteria
pairs- di clusters- staph chains- strep
33
how would you be able to identify streptococci through a microscope
- it would look like a chain of spheres under the microscope
34
describe the structure and function of the glycocalyx in prokaryotic cells
- outside the cell wall - usually sticky and firmly attached - organized= capsule, prevents phagocytosis - unorganized= slime layer, allows cells to attatch, protects against dehydration, nutrient loss and antibiotics
35
flagella
flagella - outside the cell wall - made of chains of protein flagellin - attached to a protein hook - anchored to the wall and membrane by the basal body- gram negative have 2 pairs , postive have 1 pair
36
Pili
pili - used for reproduction, sends copies of DNA to another cell - 1 or 2 per cell - provide gliding and twitching motility
37
fimbriae
- allow attachment - found in gram positive cells - anchor cells to something so they can invade - lots per cell
38
axial filaments
- also called endoflagella - in spirochetes - anchored to one end of the cell - rotation causes cell to move - located inside of the cell
39
how do bacteria move?`
running and tumbling by flagella - running- bacteria moves in one direction for a lenght of time - tumbles- periodic, abrupt, random changes in direction
40
the bacteria cell wall
complex & semiridiged | -made of peptidoglycan (polymer made up of NAG and NAM during a dehydration syntehsis reaction)
41
gram positive vs gram negative cell wall
positive: -up to 25 layers of peptidoglycan -nag and nam backbone linked together with polypeptides (amino acids) -teichoic acid forms beams that go up and down to hold the structure together -side chains up and down, cross bridges across -stacked on top of membrane negative: -one layer of peptioglycan -doesn't contain and cross bridges or side chains, no peptide bonds -sandwiched between two membranes
42
how does the gram stain work on the cells
gram positive - alcohol dehyrdates the peptiodglycan - crystals dont leave gram negative -alcohol dissolves outer membrane and leaves holes in peptidoglycan, crystals wash out -lysosomes effect cross bridges, so they only effect postive
43
acid fast bacteria cell walls
- like gram positive | - wazy lipid bound to peptidoglycan, prevents uptake of dyes
44
mycoplasmas vs archaea cell wall
mycoplasmas: - lack cell walls - sterols in plasma membrane archaea: -wall less or walls of pseudomurine( lack NAM and d amino acid)
45
differentiate protoplast, spheroplast, and l form
*result from damage to the cell wall protoplast- wall less gram positive cell spheroplast- wall less gram negative cell * both susceptible to osmotic lysis( burst in pure water ) L form- wall less cells that swell into irregular shapes
46
describe the structure, chemistry, and functions of the prokaryotic plasma membrane
- consist primarly of phospholipids - lipid bilayer- produces and repairs cell wall, just inside cell wall - peripheral proteins- proteins just inside bilayer - intergral proteins- intergrated in cell wall - transmembrane- across membrane - selective permebility- allows passage of some molecules - important to the breakdown of nutrients and the production of energy - contains enzymes capable of catalyzing the chemical reactions that break down the nutrients and produce atp
47
which agents can cause injury to the bacterial plasma membrane?
- alcochols, quaternary ammonium( detergents), and antibiotics causes leakage of cell contents - takes off outer membrane layer
48
forms of passive transport
*doesn't require energy simple diffusion: -movement of a solute from high to low concentration -nonpolar substances are easy to diffuse -happens until equilibrium is reached facilitated diffusion: - solutes combines with a transporter protein in the membrane - polar substances use this osmosis: - the movemnt of water from high to low concentration - use aquaporins- water channels
49
active transport
* requires a transporter protein and atp - ions, amino acids, simple sugars - goes against concentration gradient
50
identify the functions of the nucleoid and ribosomes in prokaryotic cells
nucleiod: - contains a single, long, continuous, circular arranged thread of dna-- bacterial chromosome - some bacteria also have small circular double stranded dna molecules called plasmids--plasme membrane proteins, can be transfered from cell to cell ribosomes: - sites of protein synthesis - composed of 2 subunits, consists of protein and a type of rna- rRNA - called 70s ribosomes
51
where is the dna located in a prokaryotic cell
dna in prokaryotic cells are found in the nucleiod
52
what is the general function of inclusions
reserve deposits, generally cells and accumulate certain nutrients and use them when the environment is deficient
53
identify the function of four inclusions
1. metachormatic granules- large inclusions called volutin- reserve of inorganic phosphate that can be used in the synthesis of ATP 2. polysaccharide granules- consists of glycogen and starch 3. lipid inclusions- polymer poly b and acid 4. sulfur granules- genus thiobacillus, use sulfur for energy 5. carboxysomes- enzymes ribulose, photosnthetic bacteria use CO2 as source of carbon and require this enzyme 6. gas vacuoles- hollow cylinders covered by protein. maintain buoyancy so that cells can remain at a depth of water 7. magnetosomes- inclusions of iron oxide
54
describe the functions of endospores, sporulation, and endospore germintaion
endospores- resting cells, resistant to desiccation, heat, and chemicals. highly durable dehydrated cells with thick walls, found in gram positive bacteria sporulation- endospore formation with a vegetative cell, takes several hours. forms spore around DNA of cell endospore germination- endospore returning to its vegetative state, triggered by physical or chemical damage to the endospore coat
55
under what conditions do endospores form?
they form under harsh environments, form spores around DNA. cell dies off and DNA remains protected. can lye dormant for several years
56
differentiate prokaryotic and eukaryotic flagella
prok- double membrane, give cells movement. made up of the filliment- flagillan, the hook,and the basal body- rod with a series of rings euk- structures that extend from the cell, anchored to plasma membrane by basal body- consists of the 9+2 array of microtubles- made of tubulin
57
difference between eukaryotic flagella and cillia
cell walls prok- made of peptidoglycan, can be gram positive or gram negative -complex and ridgid euk- much more simple, algae- cellulose, fungi-chitin, yeast- glucan and mannan glycocalyx prok- slime layer or capsules euk- layer of material containing sticky carbs -strenghtens cell surface, helps attach cells together, contributes to cell to cell recognition
58
compare and contrast prok and euk plasma membranes
-very similar in function and basic structure, different in types of proteins found in the membranes euk- contain carbs, which serve as attachment sites for bacteria and as receptor sites that assume a role in cell to cell recognition -contain sterols
59
euk endocytosis
-segment of the plasma membrane surrounds a particle or large molecule, encloses it, and brings it into the cell three types: 1. phagocytosis-pseudopods extend and engulf particles 2. pinocytosis- membrane folds inward, brings in fluid and dissolves substances 3.receptor-mediated endocytosis- substance binds to receptors in the membrane, when binding occurs, membrane folds inward. one way viruses can enter cell
60
compare and contrast prok and euk cytoplasm
euk-contains a complex internal structure, consisting of exceedingly small rods and cylinders. they form the cytoskeleton -important enzymes are located in organelles prok- enzymes are free floating in cytoplasm
61
compare the structure and function of euk and prok ribosomes
both- protein synthesis prok- called 70s ribosomes, made up of 50s and 30s free floating euk- somewhat larger and denser than prok, called 80s ribosomes made up of 60s and 40s subunits. can be free floating or attached to the rough er *because of the differences, microbiol cells can be killed by antibiotics without harming the host cells
62
endoplasmic reticulum
extensive network of flattened membranous sacs/tubules called ccisterne - rough: continous with nuclear envelope. studded with ribosomes. factory for synthesizing secretory proteins and membrane molecules - smoth: network of membrane tubules. contains unique enzymes. synthesizes phospholipids and fats and sterols
63
golgi complex
proteins synthesized in rough er transported to golgi. modified and trasnported to the plasma membrane or are stored
64
lysosomes
formed in the golgi. contain 40 different kinds of digestive enzymes. single membrane and lack interal structure
65
vacuoles
space/ cavity in cytoplasm. derived from golgi. temporary storage. helps bring food into cell. store wastes and poisions. take up water
66
mitochondria
double membrane. provides enormus surface area for chemical rreactions for chemical reactions. powerhouse of the cell- ATP production. 70s ribisomes. -machinery for replicate, transcribe, and translate info incoded by their DNA--can reproduce on their own
67
chloroplasts
algae and gree plants. photosynthesis. contain thylakoids and 70 ribisomes
68
peroxisomes
from by the divison of preexisting peroxisomes. contain enzymes that can oxidize various organic substances -protects other parts of cell from hydrogen peroxide
69
centrosome
organizing center for mitioc spindles- pericentriolar material
70
discuss evidence that supports the endozymbiotic theory of euk evolution
theory- larger bacterial cells lost their cell walls and engulfed smaller bacteria cells - both mitochondria and chloroplasts resemble bacterian size and shape. - contain circular DNA and can reprodce on their own - ribosomes in them resemble prok. ribosomes . - same antibiotics that inhibit protein synthesis in ribosomes in bacteria also inhibit protein synthesis in mito. and chloro.
71
compare the structure of euk. nuclues and prok. nucleiod
euk nucleus- spherical, largest structure of the cell, contains almost all DNA - surrounded by a double membrane nuclear envelope with nuclear pores for communication - DNA wrapped in histones prok nuleoid- single circular DNA-bacterial chromosome and plasmids. -no histones or nuclear envelope
72
compare the structure and function of euk and prok ribosomes
both- protein synthesis prok- called 70s ribosomes, made up of 50s and 30s free floating euk- somewhat larger and denser than prok, called 80s ribosomes made up of 60s and 40s subunits. can be free floating or attached to the rough er *because of the differences, microbiol cells can be killed by antibiotics without harming the host cells
73
the antibiotic erythromycin binds with the 50s portion of a ribosome. what effects does this have on a prok and euk cell?
prok- will kill the cells | euk- doenst effect it at all because euk cells do not have a 50 s portion of the ribosomes

Microbiology 125 (3 decks)

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