chapter 4 Flashcards
(126 cards)
1
Q
Conscious
A
Personal Awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment (P. 136)
2
Q
Circadian Rhythm
A
A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long: the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological process (P. 138)
3
Q
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
A
A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms (P. 138)
4
Q
Melatonin
A
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness (P. 138)
5
Q
Electroencephalograph
A
An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record brains’ electrical activity (P. 140)
6
Q
Electroencephalogram
A
The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph (P. 140)
7
Q
REM Sleep
A
Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep (P. 141)
8
Q
NREM Sleep
A
Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep (P. 141)
9
Q
Beta Brain Waves
A
Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness (P. 141)
10
Q
Alpha Brain Waves
A
Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness (P. 141)
11
Q
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
A
Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep (P. 141)
12
Q
Sleep Spindles
A
Short bursts of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM (P. 143)
13
Q
K Complex
A
Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep (P. 143)
14
Q
Sleep Paralysis
A
A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night (P. 144)
15
Q
REM Rebound
A
A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted (P. 146)
16
Q
Sleep Thinking
A
Vague, bland, thought-like ruminations about real-life events that typically occur during NREM sleep; also called sleep mentation (P. 147)
17
Q
Dream
A
An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events (P. 147)
18
Q
Nightmare
A
A vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep (P. 150)
19
Q
Manifest Content
A
In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer (P. 151)
20
Q
Latent Content
A
In Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream (P. 151)
21
Q
Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming
A
The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis) (P. 153)
22
Q
Sleep Disorders
A
Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress (P. 153)
23
Q
Dyssomnias
A
A category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy (P. 153)
24
Q
Parasomnias
A
A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleep-sex, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder (P. 153)
25
Insomnia
(DYSSOMNIA) A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep (P. 153)
26
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
(DYSSOMNIA) A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep (P. 155)
27
Narcolepsy
(DYSSOMNIA) A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day (P. 155)
28
Cataplexy
A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense motion (P. 155)
29
Hypocretins
A special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness (P. 156)
30
Sleep Terrors (Nigh Terrors)
(PARASOMNIA) A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM (P. 157)
31
Sleep-sex (Sexsomnia)
(PARASOMNIA) A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors ad experiences during sleep (P. 157)
32
Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (SRED)
A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk, and eat compulsively (P. 158)
33
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
A sleep disorder characterized by the brain's failure to suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep resulting in the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story (P. 158)
34
Hypnosis
A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior (P. 159)
35
Posthypnotic Suggestion
A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session (P. 160)
36
Posthypnotic Amnesia
The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion (P. 160)
37
Hypermnesia
The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion (P. 160)
38
Dissociation
The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity (P. 161)
39
Neodissociation Theory of Hypnosis
Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being during to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis (P. 161)
40
Hidden Observer
Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis (P. 161)
41
Meditation
Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness (P. 163)
42
Psychoactive Drugs
A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior (P. 165)
43
Physical Dependence
A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms (P. 165)
44
Drug Tolerance
A condition in which increasing amounts of physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect (P. 165)
45
Withdrawal Symptoms
Unpleasant Physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent (P. 165)
46
Drug Rebound Effect
Withdrawal Symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action (P. 165)
47
Drug Abuse
Recurrent drug use that reults in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems (P. 166)
48
Depressants
A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity (P. 166)
49
Inhalants
Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness (P. 169)
50
Barbiturates
A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness (P. 169)
51
Tranquilizers
Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety (P. 171)
52
Opiates
A category of psychoactive drugs that re chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties (P. 171)
53
Stimulants
A category of psychoactive drugs that increases brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness (P. 171)
54
Caffeine
A stimulant drug found in coffee tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over the-counter medications (P. 171)
55
Nicotine
A stimulant drug found in tobacco products (P. 172)
56
Amphetamines
A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppresses appetite (P. 172)
57
Cocaine
A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree; messes with dopamine (P. 172)
58
Stimulant-Induced Psychosis
Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use (P. 174)
59
Psychedelic Drugs
A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, after mood, and affect thinking (P. 174)
60
Mescaline
A psychoactive drug derived from the peyote cactus (P. 174)
61
LSD
A synthetic psychedelic drug (P. 174)
62
Marijuana
A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant (P. 175)
63
Ecstasy (MDMA)
Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects (P. 175)
64
Personal Awareness of mental activities, internal sensations, and the external environment (P. 136)
Conscious
65
A cycle or rhythm that is roughly 24 hours long: the cyclical daily fluctuations in biological and psychological process (P. 138)
Circadian Rhythm
66
A cluster of neurons in the hypothalamus in the brain that governs the timing of circadian rhythms (P. 138)
Suprachiasmatic Nucleus (SCN)
67
A hormone manufactured by the pineal gland that produces sleepiness (P. 138)
Melatonin
68
An instrument that uses electrodes placed on the scalp to measure and record brains' electrical activity (P. 140)
Electroencephalograph
69
The graphic record of brain activity produced by an electroencephalograph (P. 140)
Electroencephalogram
70
Type of sleep during which rapid eye movements (REM) and dreaming usually occur and voluntary muscle activity is suppressed; also called active sleep or paradoxical sleep (P. 141)
REM Sleep
71
Quiet, typically dreamless sleep in which rapid eye movements are absent divided into four stages; also called quiet sleep (P. 141)
NREM Sleep
72
Brain-wave pattern associated with alert wakefulness (P. 141)
Beta Brain Waves
73
Brain-wave pattern associated with relaxed wakefulness and drowsiness (P. 141)
Alpha Brain Waves
74
Vivid sensory phenomena that occur during the onset of sleep (P. 141)
Hypnagogic Hallucinations
75
Short bursts of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM (P. 143)
Sleep Spindles
76
Single but large high-voltage spike of brain activity that characterizes stage 2 NREM sleep (P. 143)
K Complex
77
A temporary condition in which a person is unable to move upon awakening in the morning or during the night (P. 144)
Sleep Paralysis
78
A phenomenon in which a person who is deprived of REM sleep greatly increases the amount of time spent in REM sleep at the first opportunity to sleep uninterrupted (P. 146)
REM Rebound
79
Vague, bland, thought-like ruminations about real-life events that typically occur during NREM sleep; also called sleep mentation (P. 147)
Sleep Thinking
80
An unfolding sequence of thoughts, perceptions, and emotions that typically occurs during REM sleep and is experienced as a series of real-life events (P. 147)
Dream
81
A vivid and frightening or unpleasant anxiety dream that occurs during REM sleep (P. 150)
Nightmare
82
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the elements of a dream that are consciously experienced and remembered by the dreamer (P. 151)
Manifest Content
83
In Freud's psychoanalytic theory, the unconscious wishes, thoughts, and urges that are concealed in the manifest content of a dream (P. 151)
Latent Content
84
The theory that brain activity during sleep produces dream images (activation), which are combined by the brain into a dream story (synthesis) (P. 153)
Activation-Synthesis Model of Dreaming
85
Serious and consistent sleep disturbances that interfere with daytime functioning and cause subjective distress (P. 153)
Sleep Disorders
86
A category of sleep disorders involving disruptions in the amount, quality, or timing of sleep; includes insomnia, obstructive sleep apnea, and narcolepsy (P. 153)
Dyssomnias
87
A category of sleep disorders characterized by arousal or activation during sleep or sleep transitions; includes sleepwalking, sleep terrors, sleep-sex, sleep-related eating disorder, and REM sleep behavior disorder (P. 153)
Parasomnias
88
(DYSSOMNIA) A condition in which a person regularly experiences an inability to fall asleep, to stay asleep, or to feel adequately rested by sleep (P. 153)
Insomnia
89
(DYSSOMNIA) A sleep disorder in which the person repeatedly stops breathing during sleep (P. 155)
Obstructive Sleep Apnea
90
(DYSSOMNIA) A sleep disorder characterized by excessive daytime sleepiness and brief lapses into sleep throughout the day (P. 155)
Narcolepsy
91
A sudden loss of voluntary muscle strength and control that is usually triggered by an intense motion (P. 155)
Cataplexy
92
A special class of neurotransmitters produced during the daytime to maintain a steady state of wakefulness (P. 156)
Hypocretins
93
(PARASOMNIA) A sleep disturbance characterized by an episode of increased physiological arousal, intense fear and panic, frightening hallucinations, and no recall of the episode the next morning; typically occurs during stage 3 or stage 4 NREM (P. 157)
Sleep Terrors (Nigh Terrors)
94
(PARASOMNIA) A sleep disorder involving abnormal sexual behaviors ad experiences during sleep (P. 157)
Sleep-sex (Sexsomnia)
95
A sleep disorder in which the sleeper will sleepwalk, and eat compulsively (P. 158)
Sleep-Related Eating Disorder (SRED)
96
A sleep disorder characterized by the brain's failure to suppress voluntary actions during REM sleep resulting in the sleeper verbally and physically responding to the dream story (P. 158)
REM Sleep Behavior Disorder (RBD)
97
A cooperative social interaction in which the hypnotized person responds to the hypnotist's suggestions with changes in perception, memory, and behavior (P. 159)
Hypnosis
98
A suggestion made during hypnosis that the person should carry out a specific instruction following the hypnotic session (P. 160)
Posthypnotic Suggestion
99
The inability to recall specific information because of a hypnotic suggestion (P. 160)
Posthypnotic Amnesia
100
The supposed enhancement of a person's memory for past events through a hypnotic suggestion (P. 160)
Hypermnesia
101
The splitting of consciousness into two or more simultaneous streams of mental activity (P. 161)
Dissociation
102
Theory proposed by Ernest Hilgard that explains hypnotic effects as being during to the splitting of consciousness into two simultaneous streams of mental activity, only one of which the hypnotic participant is consciously aware of during hypnosis (P. 161)
Neodissociation Theory of Hypnosis
103
Hilgard's term for the hidden, or dissociated, stream of mental activity that continues during hypnosis (P. 161)
Hidden Observer
104
Any one of a number of sustained concentration techniques that focus attention and heighten awareness (P. 163)
Meditation
105
A drug that alters consciousness, perception, mood, and behavior (P. 165)
Psychoactive Drugs
106
A condition in which a person has physically adapted to a drug so that he or she must take the drug regularly in order to avoid withdrawal symptoms (P. 165)
Physical Dependence
107
A condition in which increasing amounts of physically addictive drug are needed to produce the original, desired effect (P. 165)
Drug Tolerance
108
Unpleasant Physical reactions, combined with intense drug cravings, that occur when a person abstains from a drug on which he or she is physically dependent (P. 165)
Withdrawal Symptoms
109
Withdrawal Symptoms that are the opposite of a physically addictive drug's action (P. 165)
Drug Rebound Effect
110
Recurrent drug use that reults in disruptions in academic, social, or occupational functioning or in legal or psychological problems (P. 166)
Drug Abuse
111
A category of psychoactive drugs that depress or inhibit brain activity (P. 166)
Depressants
112
Chemical substances that are inhaled to produce an alteration in consciousness (P. 169)
Inhalants
113
A category of depressant drugs that reduce anxiety and produce sleepiness (P. 169)
Barbiturates
114
Depressant drugs that relieve anxiety (P. 171)
Tranquilizers
115
A category of psychoactive drugs that re chemically similar to morphine and have strong pain-relieving properties (P. 171)
Opiates
116
A category of psychoactive drugs that increases brain activity, arouse behavior, and increase mental alertness (P. 171)
Stimulants
117
A stimulant drug found in coffee tea, cola drinks, chocolate, and many over the-counter medications (P. 171)
Caffeine
118
A stimulant drug found in tobacco products (P. 172)
Nicotine
119
A class of stimulant drugs that arouse the central nervous system and suppresses appetite (P. 172)
Amphetamines
120
A stimulant drug derived from the coca tree; messes with dopamine (P. 172)
Cocaine
121
Schizophrenia-like symptoms that can occur as the result of prolonged amphetamine or cocaine use (P. 174)
Stimulant-Induced Psychosis
122
A category of psychoactive drugs that create sensory and perceptual distortions, after mood, and affect thinking (P. 174)
Psychedelic Drugs
123
A psychoactive drug derived from the peyote cactus (P. 174)
Mescaline
124
A synthetic psychedelic drug (P. 174)
LSD
125
A psychoactive drug derived from the hemp plant (P. 175)
Marijuana
126
Synthetic club drug that combines stimulant and mild psychedelic effects (P. 175)
Ecstasy (MDMA)
