chapter 5

Question 1

Learning

Answer 1

A process that produces a relatively enduing change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience (P. 184)

Question 2

Conditioning

Answer 2

The process of learning associations between the environmental events and behavioral responses (P. 184)

Question 3

Classical Conditioning

Answer 3

The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response (P. 186)

Question 4

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Answer 4

The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning (P. 186)

Question 5

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Answer 5

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (P. 186)

Question 6

Conditioned Stimulus

Answer 6

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response (P. 186)

Question 7

Conditioned Response

Answer 7

The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus (P. 186)

Question 8

Stimulus Generalization

Answer 8

The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well (P. 189)

Question 9

Stimulus Discriminiation

Answer 9

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli (P. 189)

Question 10

Higher Order Conditioning (Second-Order)

Answer 10

A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (P. 189)

Question 11

Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

Answer 11

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (P. 189)

Question 12

Spontaneous Recovery

Answer 12

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus (P. 189)

Question 13

Behaviorism

Answer 13

School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning (P. 190)

Question 14

Placebo Response

Answer 14

An individual’s psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; placebo effect (P. 194)

Question 15

Taste Aversion

Answer 15

A classically conditioned dislike for, and avoidance of, a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food (P. 197)

Question 16

Biological Preparedness

Answer 16

In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (P. 197)

Question 17

Law of Effect

Answer 17

Learning principle, proposed by Thorndike, that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while response followed y a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation (P. 201)

Question 18

Operant

Answer 18

Skinner’s term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences (P. 201)

Question 19

Operant conditioning

Answer 19

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response (P. 201)

Question 20

Reinforcement

Answer 20

The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated (P. 201)

Question 21

Positive Reinforcement

Answer 21

A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations (P. 202)

Question 22

Negative Reinforcement

Answer 22

A situation in which a response results in the removal of,avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations (P. 202)

Question 23

Primary Reinforcer

Answer 23

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities (P. 202)

Question 24

Conditioned Reinforcer

Answer 24

A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer (P. 202)

Question 25

Punishment

Answer 25

The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated (P. 204)

Question 26

Punishment by Application

Answer 26

A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment (P. 204)

Question 27

Punishment by Removal

Answer 27

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment (P. 204)

Question 28

Discrimitive Stimulus

Answer 28

A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforces (P. 207)

Question 29

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

Answer 29

he experimental apparatus invented by B. F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors (P. 209)

Question 30

Shaping

Answer 30

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed (P. 209)

Question 31

Continuous Reinforcement

Answer 31

A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced (P. 210)

Question 32

Partial Reinforcement

Answer 32

A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer (P. 210)

Question 33

Extinction (Operant Learning)

Answer 33

Occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer (P. 210)

Question 34

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Answer 34

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement (P. 210)

Question 35

Schedule of Reinforcement

Answer 35

The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses (P. 210)

Question 36

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule

Answer 36

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fix number of response has occurred (P. 210)

Question 37

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

Answer 37

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial (P. 211)

Question 38

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Answer 38

A reinforcer in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a a preset time interval has elapsed (P. 211)

Question 39

Variable-Interval Schedule

Answer 39

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial (P. 211)

Question 40

Behavior Modification

Answer 40

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors (P. 212)

Question 41

Cognitive Map

Answer 41

Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment (P. 214)

Question 42

Latent Learning

Answer 42

Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available (P. 214)

Question 43

Learned Helplessness

Answer 43

A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behaviors (P. 216)

Question 44

Instinctive Drift

Answer 44

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response (P. 217)

Question 45

Observational Learning

Answer 45

Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others (P. 218)

Question 46

Mirror Neurons

Answer 46

A type of neuron that activates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived (P. 218)

Question 47

A process that produces a relatively enduing change in behavior or knowledge as a result of past experience (P. 184)

Answer 47

Learning

Question 48

The process of learning associations between the environmental events and behavioral responses (P. 184)

Answer 48

Conditioning

Question 49

The basic learning process that involves repeatedly pairing a neutral stimulus with a response-producing stimulus until the neutral stimulus elicits the same response (P. 186)

Answer 49

Classical Conditioning

Question 50

The natural stimulus that reflexively elicits a response without the need for prior learning (P. 186)

Answer 50

Unconditioned Stimulus (UCS)

Question 51

The unlearned, reflexive response that is elicited by an unconditioned stimulus (P. 186)

Answer 51

Unconditioned Response (UCR)

Question 52

A formerly neutral stimulus that acquires the capacity to elicit a reflexive response (P. 186)

Answer 52

Conditioned Stimulus

Question 53

The learned, reflexive response to a conditioned stimulus (P. 186)

Answer 53

Conditioned Response

Question 54

The occurrence of a learned response not only to the original stimulus but to other similar stimuli as well (P. 189)

Answer 54

Stimulus Generalization

Question 55

The occurrence of a learned response to a specific stimulus but not to other, similar stimuli (P. 189)

Answer 55

Stimulus Discriminiation

Question 56

A procedure in which a conditioned stimulus from one learning trial functions as the unconditioned stimulus in a new conditioning trial; the second conditioned stimulus comes to elicit the conditioned response, even though it has never been directly paired with the unconditioned stimulus (P. 189)

Answer 56

Higher Order Conditioning (Second-Order)

Question 57

Occurs when the conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus (P. 189)

Answer 57

Extinction (Classical Conditioning)

Question 58

The reappearance of a previously extinguished conditioned response after a period of time without exposure to the conditioned stimulus (P. 189)

Answer 58

Spontaneous Recovery

Question 59

School of psychology and theoretical viewpoint that emphasize the scientific study of observable behaviors, especially as they pertain to the process of learning (P. 190)

Answer 59

Behaviorism

Question 60

An individual's psychological and physiological response to what is actually a fake treatment or drug; placebo effect (P. 194)

Answer 60

Placebo Response

Question 61

A classically conditioned dislike for, and avoidance of, a particular food that develops when an organism becomes ill after eating the food (P. 197)

Answer 61

Taste Aversion

Question 62

In learning theory, the idea that an organism is innately predisposed to form associations between certain stimuli and responses (P. 197)

Answer 62

Biological Preparedness

Question 63

Learning principle, proposed by Thorndike, that responses followed by a satisfying effect become strengthened and are more likely to recur in a particular situation, while response followed y a dissatisfying effect are weakened and less likely to recur in a particular situation (P. 201)

Answer 63

Law of Effect

Question 64

Skinner's term for an actively emitted (or voluntary) behavior that operates on the environment to produce consequences (P. 201)

Answer 64

Operant

Question 65

The basic learning process that involves changing the probability that a response will be repeated by manipulating the consequences of that response (P. 201)

Answer 65

Operant conditioning

Question 66

The occurrence of a stimulus or event following a response that increases the likelihood of that response being repeated (P. 201)

Answer 66

Reinforcement

Question 67

A situation in which a response is followed by the addition of a reinforcing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations (P. 202)

Answer 67

Positive Reinforcement

Question 68

A situation in which a response results in the removal of,avoidance of, or escape from a punishing stimulus, increasing the likelihood that the response will be repeated in similar situations (P. 202)

Answer 68

Negative Reinforcement

Question 69

A stimulus or event that is naturally or inherently reinforcing for a given species, such as food, water, or other biological necessities (P. 202)

Answer 69

Primary Reinforcer

Question 70

A stimulus or event that has acquired reinforcing value by being associated with a primary reinforcer; also called a secondary reinforcer (P. 202)

Answer 70

Conditioned Reinforcer

Question 71

The presentation of a stimulus or event following a behavior that acts to decrease the likelihood of the behavior being repeated (P. 204)

Answer 71

Punishment

Question 72

A situation in which an operant is followed by the presentation or addition of an aversive stimulus; also called positive punishment (P. 204)

Answer 72

Punishment by Application

Question 73

A situation in which an operant is followed by the removal or subtraction of a reinforcing stimulus; also called negative punishment (P. 204)

Answer 73

Punishment by Removal

Question 74

A specific stimulus in the presence of which a particular response is more likely to be reinforced, and in the absence of which a particular response is not reinforces (P. 207)

Answer 74

Discrimitive Stimulus

Question 75

he experimental apparatus invented by B. F. Skinner to study the relationship between environmental events and active behaviors (P. 209)

Answer 75

Operant Chamber (Skinner Box)

Question 76

The operant conditioning procedure of selectively reinforcing successively closer approximations of a goal behavior until the goal behavior is displayed (P. 209)

Answer 76

Shaping

Question 77

A schedule of reinforcement in which every occurrence of a particular response is reinforced (P. 210)

Answer 77

Continuous Reinforcement

Question 78

A situation in which the occurrence of a particular response is only sometimes followed by a reinforcer (P. 210)

Answer 78

Partial Reinforcement

Question 79

Occurs when an emitted behavior is no longer followed by a reinforcer (P. 210)

Answer 79

Extinction (Operant Learning)

Question 80

The phenomenon in which behaviors that are conditioned using partial reinforcement are more resistant to extinction than behaviors that are conditioned using continuous reinforcement (P. 210)

Answer 80

Partial Reinforcement Effect

Question 81

The delivery of a reinforcer according to a preset pattern based on the number of responses or the time interval between responses (P. 210)

Answer 81

Schedule of Reinforcement

Question 82

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after a fix number of response has occurred (P. 210)

Answer 82

Fixed-Ratio (FR) Schedule

Question 83

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered after an average number of responses, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial (P. 211)

Answer 83

Variable-Ratio (VR) Schedule

Question 84

A reinforcer in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after a a preset time interval has elapsed (P. 211)

Answer 84

Fixed-Interval Schedule

Question 85

A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is delivered for the first response that occurs after an average time interval, which varies unpredictably from trial to trial (P. 211)

Answer 85

Variable-Interval Schedule

Question 86

The application of learning principles to help people develop more effective or adaptive behaviors (P. 212)

Answer 86

Behavior Modification

Question 87

Tolman's term for the mental representation of the layout of a familiar environment (P. 214)

Answer 87

Cognitive Map

Question 88

Tolman's term for learning that occurs in the absence of reinforcement but is not behaviorally demonstrated until a reinforcer becomes available (P. 214)

Answer 88

Latent Learning

Question 89

A phenomenon in which exposure to inescapable and uncontrollable aversive events produces passive behaviors (P. 216)

Answer 89

Learned Helplessness

Question 90

The tendency of an animal to revert to instinctive behaviors that can interfere with the performance of an operantly conditioned response (P. 217)

Answer 90

Instinctive Drift

Question 91

Learning that occurs through observing the actions of others (P. 218)

Answer 91

Observational Learning

Question 92

A type of neuron that activates both when an action is performed and when the same action is perceived (P. 218)

Answer 92

Mirror Neurons