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Anatomy > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

(106 cards)

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1
Q

Tissues

A

Cells working together

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2
Q

Histology

A

The study of tissues

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3
Q

Epithelial

A

Layers of cells that cover internal and external surfaces

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4
Q

Glands

A

Structures that produce fluid secretions, either attached to or derived from epithelia

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5
Q

Polarity

A

Refers to the presence of structural and functional differences between the exposed and attached surfaces

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6
Q

Basement membrane

A

The base of epithelium is bound to it

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7
Q

Avascular

A

Lack blood vessels

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8
Q

Glandular epithelium

A

Most or all the epithelium cells produce secretions

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9
Q

Ciliated epithelium

A

Epithelium covered in fine hair like features (cilia)

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10
Q

Cell adhesion molecules (CAMs)

A

Large areas of opposing plasma membranes are interconnected by transmembrane proteins

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11
Q

Cell junction

A

Specialized areas of the plasma membrane that attach a cell to another cell or to extra cellular materials

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12
Q

Tight junction

A

Lipid portions of the membranes are tightly bound, prevents passage of water and solutes

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13
Q

Lumen

A

A passageway that is lines with the apical surface of epithelium

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14
Q

Gap junction

A

Two cells are held together by two interlocking transmembrane proteins (connexons)

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15
Q

Desmosome

A

CAMs and proteoglycans link opposing membranes, very strong and can resist stretching and twisting

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16
Q

Germinative cells

A

Stem sells located near he basement membrane

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17
Q

Simple epithelium

A

Only one layer of cells covers the basement membrane

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18
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

Several layers of cells cover the basement membrane

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19
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Thin, flat and somewhat irregular in shape

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20
Q

Mesothelium

A

The simple squamous epithelium that lines the central body cavities

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21
Q

Endothelium

A

Simple squamous epithelium lining the inner surface of the heart and all blood vessels

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22
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Resemble hexagonal boxes

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23
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Unusual stratified epithelium, tolerates repeated cycles of stretching and recoiling without damage

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24
Q

Columnar epithelial

A

Appear rectangular, height of epithelium is several times the distance between adjacent nuclei

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25
Endocrine glands
Release their secretions (hormones) into the interstitial fluid
26
Exocrine glands
Release their secretions into passageways
27
Merocrine secretion
The product is released from secretory vesicles by exocytosis
28
Apocrine secretion
Involves the loss of cytoplasm as well as product
29
Holocrine secretion
Entire cell becomes packed with secretory products and then bursts
30
Unicellular glands
Individual secretory cells
31
Multicellular glands
Include glandular epithelia and aggregations of gland cells that produce exocrine or endocrine secretions
32
Connective tissue
All contain specialized cells, fibers, and ground substance
33
Matrix
Surrounds the cell and is made up of fibers and ground substances, makes up most of the volume in connective tissues
34
Connective tissue proper
Includes connective tissues with many types of cells and extracellular fibers in ground substance (connects and protects)
35
Fluid connective tissues
Distinct populations of cells suspended in watery matrix that contains dissolved proteins (transport)
36
Supporting connective tissues
Less diverse cell population and a matrix containing more densely packed fibers (structural strength)
37
Calcified
Contains mineral deposits
38
Fibroblasts
Found in all connective tissue, secretes proteins and hyaluronan
39
Fibrocytes
Maintains the fibers of connective tissue proper
40
Adipocytes
Fat cells
41
Mesenchymal cells
Stem cells
42
Macrophages
Part of immune system, eat pathogens and damaged cells
43
Mast cells
Stimulate inflammation after injury or infection; release histamine and heparin
44
Lymphocytes
Specialized immune cells in lymphatic
45
Microphages
Phagocytic blood cells
46
Melanocytes
Synthesize melanin
47
Collagen fibers
Long, straight and unbranched fibrous protein; forms tendons and ligaments
48
Reticular fibers
Thinner than collagen, form a framework (stroma)
49
Elastic fibers
Contain the protein elastin; branched and wavy
50
Ground substance
Clear, colorless, and viscous; slows pathogen movement
51
Mucous connective tissue
Loose connector tissue found in many parts of the embryo
52
Loose connective tissues
Packing materials of the body
53
Areolar tissue
Least specialized tissue, loosely organized
54
Adipose tissue
Contains many adipocytes
55
White fat
Pale, yellow-white color
56
Brown fat
Highly vascularized fat cells found in infants
57
Reticular tissue
Reticular fibers create a complex 3-dimensional stroma
58
Dense connective tissues
Often called collagenous tissues; two types: dense regular an dense irregular
59
Dense regular connective tissue
Collagen fibers are parallel, packed tightly, and aligned with the forces applied to the tissue
60
Tendons
Cords of dense regular connector tissue that attach skeletal muscle to bone
61
Ligaments
Connect bones or stabilize the position of internal organs
62
Aponeurosis
Tendinous sheet that attaches a broad, flat muscle to another muscle or to several bones of the skeleton
63
Dense irregular connective tissue
Form an interwoven mesh work in no consistent pattern
64
Capsule
Dense irregular connective tissue forms a thick layer that surrounds internal organs such as the liver, kidneys, and spleen and encloses the cavities of joints
65
Elastic tissue
Dense regular connective tissue dominated by elastic fibers
66
Blood
Part of fluid connective tissues; contains red blood cells, white blood cells and platelets in plasma
67
Arteries
Carry blood away from heart
68
Capillaries
The smallest blood vessels
69
Veins
Return blood to the heart
70
Lymph
Forms as interstitial fluid enters lymphatic vessels.
71
Cartilage
The matrix is a firm gel that contains polysaccharide derivatives, avascular
72
Chondroitin sulfates
Protein derivatives that form complexes with proteins in the ground substance
73
Chondrocytes
Cartilage cells
74
Lacunae
Small chambers occupied by chondrocytes and osteocytes
75
Antiangiogenesis factor
Chemical that discourages the formation of blood vessels
76
Perichondrium
Contains two layers: outer fibrous layer (strength), inner, cellular layer (for growth and maintenance)
77
Interstitial growth
One of the two forms of cartilage growth; chondrocytes in the cartilage matrix undergo cell division, enlarges cartilage from within
78
Appositional growth
New layers of cartilage are added to the surface
79
Hyaline cartilage
Most common, surrounded by a dense perichondrium
80
Elastic cartilage
Lots of elastic fibers, extremely resilient and flexible
81
Fibrocartilage
Little ground substance, lots of collagen fibers
82
Bone
Osseous tissue, small amount of ground substance, matrix mostly calcium salts and collagen fibers
83
Osteocytes
Bone cells
84
Canaliculi
Slender passageways in bone matrix
85
Periosteum
Bone covering
86
Mucous membranes
Line passageways and chambers that communicate with the exterior
87
Lamina propria
The areolar tissue component of mucous membrane
88
Serous membranes
Line the sealed, internal subdivisions of the ventral body cavity; have a parietal and visceral (serosa) portions
89
Cutaneous membrane
The skin; thick, waterproof and dry
90
Synovial fluid
Fills joint cavities, similar in composition to ground substance
91
Synovial membrane
Lines the joint cavity, lacks true epithelium
92
Fasciae
Connective tissue layers and wrappings that support and surround organs
93
Muscle tissue
Specialized for contraction
94
Skeletal muscle tissue
Large muscle cells
95
Cardiac muscle tissue
Located only in the heart
96
Cardiocyte
Cardiac muscle cell
97
Myosatellite cells
Stem cells that produce skeletal muscle tissue
98
Intercalated disc
Specialized connection regions of cardiac muscle tissue
99
Smooth muscle tissue
Located in the walls of blood vessels, around hollow organs, and in layers around the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, and reproductive tracts
100
Neural tissue
Specialized for the conduction of electrical impulses from one region of the body to another
101
Neurons
Nerve cells
102
Neuroglia
Supporting cells of neural tissue
103
Cell body of a neuron
Contains the nucleus and nucleolus
104
Dendrites
Branches extending from the cell body
105
Axon
Long, thin extension of cell body, carries outgoing electrical signals to their destination
106
Necrosis
The tissue destruction that occurs after cells have been damaged or killed

Anatomy (6 decks)

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