Chapter 4

Question 1

Post-fertilization, a chemical reaction seals the membrane
Tail falls off, contents of head rush into the egg.
Formation of zygote

Answer 1

Conception

Question 2

emergence of new structures and forms during the developmental process

Answer 2

Epigenesis

Question 3

Areas near the head develop at a more rapid pace than those further away
Conception to 5 months

Answer 3

Cephalocaudal

Question 4

Areas of the center of the body develop at a more rapid pace than those further away
5 months to birth

Answer 4

Proximodista

Question 5

First week: blastocyst forms
Highest risk for miscarriage
Many happen before pregnancy is detected
Some due to genetic defects.

Answer 5

Germinal Period (weeks 0-2)

Question 6

Every major organ is formed
Organogenesis

Amnion (inner membrane) and chorion (outer membrane) form
Chorion becomes the placenta

Answer 6

Embryonic Period (weeks 3-8)

Question 7

CNS (brain, spinal cord)

Answer 7

Ectoderm

Question 8

muscles, bones, heart, kidneys, gonads

Answer 8

Mesoderm

Question 9

intestines, lungs, bladder

Answer 9

Endoderm

Question 10

Neural plate folds to form neural tube – beginning of brain
Heart beat – after four weeks
Sexual differentiation and hormone secretion – 7-8 weeks

Answer 10

Embryonic Period (weeks 3-8)

Question 11

Critical for brain development

Proliferation
Migration
Differentiation

Neurons develop their myelin sheath rapidly

Answer 11

Fetal Period (weeks 9-40)

Question 12

multiplying of neurons (very rapid rate)

Answer 12

Proliferation:

Question 13

neurons move from center to other brain locations

Answer 13

Migration:

Question 14

neurons change or evolve to fit their function.

Answer 14

Differentiation:

Question 15

external sex organs appear (3rd month)
age of viability - 23 weeks (page 96 for references)

Organized patterns of activity/heartrate develop at 36 weeks (infant states)
Have patterns of quiet and active sleep
Not truly awake

Answer 15

Fetal Period (weeks 9-40)

Question 16

Environment in uterus + maternal conditions during pregnancy

Answer 16

epigenetic effects on fetus

Question 17

Any environmental agent that can cause harm to a developing human

Answer 17

Teratogens

Question 18

Critical period – effects are worse during key time of growth

Dosage and duration – greater and longer exposure do more damage

Genetic makeup – mother and fetus may be more susceptible based on genotype

Environment – quality of environment may be protective or harmful

Answer 18

Four things to remember

Question 19

Used to relieve morning sickness
Caused babies to be born with missing limbs
Restricts blood flow to limbs.

Flipper Babies

Answer 19

Thalidomide

Question 20

Use had decreased in the U.S
Low birth weight, breathing issues, cleft lips, and palates, CNS issues, risk of IBS, risk of miscarriage.
Restricts blood flow

Answer 20

Tobacco

Question 21

Crosses placenta barrier, disrupts neuron formation and function
Severe cases: Fetal Alcohol Syndrome (FAS)
CNS damage, physical/cognitive/behavioral issues
No amount of drinking is totally safe

Answer 21

Alcohol:

Question 22

Can cause miscarriage, malnourishment, fetal strokes.

Post-birth – hyperactivity, delinquent behavior, attention deficits

Answer 22

Cocaine

Question 23

Vicodin, Percoset, OxyContin
Prenatal consumption leads to addiction
Withdrawal symptoms
Neonatal abstinence syndrome
Breathing problems, tremors, fussiness, vomiting, fever, poor weight gain

Answer 23

Opioids

Question 24

Blindness, deafness, intellectual disability

Early stages of pregnancy

Answer 24

Rubella (measles)

Question 25

Premature , stillbirth/miscarriage, heart issues, neural tube defects, too-large infants

Answer 25

Diabetes

Question 26

HIV can be transferred before, during, or after birth (breastfeeding) Syphilis can cause blindness, deafness, brain damage Later stages of pregnancy

Answer 26

STIs or STDs

Question 27

Everyone receives background radiation | Concerns: atomic weapons and nuclear disasters

Answer 27

Radiation

Question 28

Psychomotor development delays Lead exposure – smaller at birth, intellectual delays Mercury exposure – attention, memory, and language deficits Pesticides/PCBs – relax and learning difficulties

Answer 28

Pollution

Question 29

Younger = more risk for premature babies and stillbirth; more likely to be impoverished Older = difficulties getting pregnant, risk of stillbirth/miscarriage, genetic defects, twins

Answer 29

Age of Mother

Question 30

Non-Hispanic black mothers = more at risk

Answer 30

Race of mother

Question 31

``` Malnutrition stunts fetal growth, causes cognitive delays, can disrupt formation of spinal cord/neural tube Folic acid (folate) is important ```

Answer 31

Nutrition

Question 32

Storage of oxygen | Memory impairment, cerebral palsy

Answer 32

Anoxia

Question 33

``` Forceps or suction Cesarean section (C-Section) ```

Answer 33

Complicated Delivery

Question 34

2+ weeks of clinical depression after birth | 15%-20% of mothers

Answer 34

Postpartum depression

Question 35

newborns are screened for heart rate, breathing, reflexes, muscle tone

Answer 35

Apgar test

Question 36

caused by Premature, drugs, smoking

Answer 36

low birth weight (LBW)

Question 37

NICU | “kangaroo care” or skin-to-skin

Answer 37

Treatments

Question 38

Over time | With good quality post-natal environment

Answer 38

Outcomes improve