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Psyc 365 > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

1
Q

What is inattentional blindness?

A

Failure to consciously perceive items or events in plain view.

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2
Q

What was Ungerleider and Mishkin’s study and the results?

A

Object discrimination vs landmark discrimination. Ablated monkeys in the temporal lobe couldn’t do object discrimination (nicknamed the “what” pathway). Ablated monkeys in parietal lobe couldn’t do landmark discrimination (nicknamed the “where” pathway).

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3
Q

What did Mel Goodale discover with patient DF?

A

Patient DF had ventral area damage-severe visual agnosia-could not recognize or orient objects BUT could perform an action with an object just fine. Figured that the ventral stream was for object naming and perception, whereas the dorsal was for action.

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4
Q

What is change blindness?

A

Difficulty in perceiving large changes in similar, but slightly different scenes

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5
Q

What is the test that determines change blindness?

A

Flicker test-two incredibly similar pictures are shown with a very brief flicker between them, task is to identify the difference. The flicker is essential to change blindness.

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6
Q

What is a slow-change test?

A

Gradual change in part of a scene that we don’t notice.

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7
Q

What are continuity errors?

A

Happens in movies-things change positions, but we don’t really perceive these differences between scenes.

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8
Q

What do both change blindness and inattentional blindness involve?

A

A failure to register unattended stimuli in consciousness-largely due to the fact that ATTENTION IS LIMITED.

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9
Q

What are cognitive resources?

A

Theory that we have limited “brain power” that we can use at any given time. Must choose what to focus our limited resources on. When our cognitive resources are at capacity, we don’t notice obvious things

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10
Q

What are low-load tasks?

A

Easy tasks that require little attention (ex: walking).

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11
Q

What are high-load tasks?

A

More difficult tasks that require more brain power (ex: mental trigonometry).

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12
Q

What is attention capture?

A

Diversion of attention by a stimulus so powerful that it compels us to notice it, even if attention is focused elsewhere.

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13
Q

What kinds of things capture our attention best?

A

Stimuli of evolutionary importance-loud noises, threatening stimuli-reason why a lot of people hate public speaking, because the one person who looks menacing stands out .

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14
Q

What experiment studied inattentional blindness and attention capture?

A

Showed participants asymetric crossed lines-asked to identify which was longest. Every 4th trial, something appears in one of the quadrants.

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15
Q

What are the results of the inattentional blindness/attention capture experiment?

A

Most participants don’t even notice the black shape, and about 15% notice a circle- but couldn’t tell you what shape. BUT if the circle is a smiley face or a human body about 80% saw it! If it’s a gun or a telephone, only about 20% notice.

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16
Q

What is exogenous attention?

A

Automatic attraction of attention by something (loud noises, threatening stimuli, faces and bodies)-attention capture.

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17
Q

What is endogenous attention?

A

Conscious decision to selectively attend to (or scan for) certain things.

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18
Q

What is selective attention?

A

Focusing attention on relevant information and ignoring irrelevant-regulated by the reticular formation!

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19
Q

What are the 2 ways to study selective attention?

A

1) Dichotic listening task

2) Stroop effect

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20
Q

What is the dichotic listening task? (selective attention)

A

Messages are presented to each ear, participants asked to repeat ONE of the messages-focus on one ears message and not the other. Then, ask the participant about the unintended message.

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21
Q

What are the results of the dichotic listening task?

A

People don’t remember much about the unintended message. Could usually tell you aspects of the voice (male or female) but that was it. Don’t even notice if it switches language!.

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22
Q

What do early selection models suggest?

A

Attention acts like a filter, some pieces are let through, but not others (Bottleneck model). Filtering happens really early in processing-blockage occurs at perception level.

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23
Q

What is the problem with the early selection models?

A

Cocktail party effect: While selectively listening to one conversation, people are much more likely to consciously register certain words from the unattended ear (persons own name, the word FIRE)

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24
Q

What did the ambiguous sentences study show?

A

Even information that does not make it through consciousness affects our behaviour

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25
Q

What was the ambiguous sentences study?

A

One ear hears “they were throwing stones at the bank”- bank could mean riverbank or the establishment. Other ear hears the words “river” or “money”. Later, participants choose the sentence closest to the meaning of what they had shadowed.

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26
Q

What were the results of the ambiguous sentences study?

A

Participant chose sentence closest to the context of the unattended ear… even though they can’t recall what they heard in the unattended ear!

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27
Q

What is implicit perception?

A

Occurs when a stimulus affects a persons behaviour even though a person is not consciously aware (subliminal messaging, ambiguous sentences, dichotic listening)

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28
Q

What was James Vicary’s study?

A

Messages of “drink coca-cola” or “eat popcorn” were flashed on the screen during a movie-claimed it boosted sales. Didn’t boost sales because of subliminal messaging, but boosted sales because people went to the theatre to “Prove wrong” the messages

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29
Q

What was Cooper and Cooper’s study?

A

Inserted really fast images of coke can and the word “Thirsty” into an episode of the Simpsons- experimental group was 27% thirstier after the episode, based on self report..

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30
Q

What was Karreman, Strobe, and Klaus’ study?

A

Subliminally primed people with the word “Lipton Ice.” Found much greater effect for brand persuasion when people were already thirsty.

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31
Q

What is the late-selection model?

A

Suggests that ALL information (relevant or irrelevant) gets processed fairly extensively-even to the point of understanding meaning of irrelevant info (blockage of info is between meaning and consciousness)-we process and understand basically everything, but not everything makes it to memory.

32
Q

What is the stroop effect?

A

People are much slower to name the colour of ink when the letters spell incongruent colours-requires selective attention to ignore the words and focus on the ink colour.

33
Q

What 2 processes are involved in the stroop effect?

A

Automatic processing- Effortless (involuntary mental activity)-reading the word
Controlled processing-Effortful and voluntary mental activity (colour of word-stops automatic processing).

34
Q

What do we need to inhibit automatic processing?

A

Attention

35
Q

What are the brain regions involved in the stroop task?

A

Anterior Cingulate Cortex (ACC)- Detects conflicting response tendencies (colour naming vs reading)
Dorsolateral Prefrontal Cortex- Involved in selecting relevant information for a task
Both are known as the executive attention network!

36
Q

What is the executive attention network?

A

Primary function is to deal with situations in which there is a conflict of responses (needed to inhibit automatic processing)-developed around age 3.

37
Q

How do racial judgements demonstrate the executive attention network? (automatic vs controlled processing)

A

Showed pictures of either the same race or different race to the participant- results were that other race faces activated the amygdala. Then, things were sent to the ACC (fear/aggression response vs thats dumb why shoud I be afraid) next to the DLPFC (makes a choice)-backward feedback to the amygdala which decreases activation.

38
Q

Why would we use racial judgements to argue for less segregation?

A

Because people react with fear when they see someone they’re not used to…if shown a famous person with a different race face, they don’t react with fear.

39
Q

What is a visual search task?

A

Participant must find a target item in a visual display that has many distracting items ex) security looking for weapons, where’s waldo, radiologists examing for a tumour

40
Q

What are isolated features? (visual search)

A

Ones that are very easy to find-they pop out from the rest.

41
Q

What are combined features? (visual search)

A

Feature doesn’t pop out as quickly, you have to search, because the surrounding features are similar

42
Q

What is feature present? (visual search)

A

An item with a unique feature in a grouping-pops out easier

43
Q

What is feature absent? (visual search)

A

An item with a feature that is absent from it in a grouping-doesn’t pop out as easy.

44
Q

What is the orienting attention network?

A

Network of structures mostly in the parietal lobe-primary function is to shift attention across various spatial locations (like in visual search) (develops at around 4 months old).

45
Q

What is Unilateral Spatial Neglect?

A

Damage to the Orienting Attention Network on one side of the brain-causes the person to ignore visual signals from the opposite side. (case study: woman who ate only one food on 1 side of her plate).

46
Q

How did early work attempt to demonstrate divided attention?

A

Dichotic listening task-people were asked instead to pay attention to BOTH ears-play continuous string of number in one ear and a different string in another and asked people to tell them both strings.

47
Q

What were the results of dichotic listening on divided attention?

A

People reported clusters of numbers, switched back and forth between the two sides (3 numbers from right then 3 numbers from left). They also missed A LOT of numbers

48
Q

What was the conclusion on dichotic listening and divided attention?

A

People are rapidly switching focus of attention-according to this, multitasking can’t exist.

49
Q

Do low load or high load tasks allow for multitasking?

A

Low-load. As we have not used up all our cognitive resources, we have space for another low or possibly medium load task

50
Q

How does walking and talking demonstrate cognitive load?

A

Walking=low load task. Talking= high load task. Talking on the phone while walking decreases walking speed-example of how focusing on a high load task decreases the performance in the low load one.

51
Q

What were the results of people driving cars while using cell phones versus not?

A

Cell phone users were 20% slower to hit the brakes, and misssed 2X as many red lights-performance worsened when traffic density was high and when weather sucked.

52
Q

What is one interesting thing about passengers and cell phones in the car?

A

People drive worse (essentially the same as if they were on the phone) if the passenger is also on the phone (tries to guess at what the conversation is)-same goes for if the person driving is using a handheld phone.

53
Q

How do phones affect studying?

A

Students read textbook/notes significantly slower when they are texting as well-even when we subtract the time actually involved in texting!

54
Q

Do students earn higher grades when multi-tasking?

A

No! Even though students believe they are expert multitaskers, only about 1% of them are.

55
Q

What is task switching and switch cost?

A

Switching from working on 1 task to another-generates switch cost-general phenomenon of performance being worse for a period of time after a switch.

56
Q

What is overt attention?

A

Attending to something by looking directly at it-plays a a major role in everyday attention, possibly due to eye structure.

57
Q

What is covert attention?

A

Attending to something without looking at it (out of the corner of your eye).

58
Q

What is embodied cognition?

A

Cognition depends not only on the mind but also on the physical constraints of the body-mind and body evolved at the same time, so the evolution of 1 might’ve influenced the evolution of the other.

59
Q

How does our bipedalism demonstrate embodied cognition?

A

Humans walk upright and are also intelligent-maybe walking led to increased intelligence!

60
Q

How do we measure overt attention?

A

Eye trackers-track the location of the persons gaze.

61
Q

Are eye movements smooth?

A

Nope. They rapidly stop and start.

62
Q

What are saccades and fixations?

A

Saccades- rapid movements. Fixations-Brief pauses (less 0.5s)

63
Q

How do our eyes know where to go? - Bottom-up determinants…

A

Certain physical properties are eye catching (stimulus saliance)- high contrast, bright colours, movement.

64
Q

How do our eyes know where to go? - Top-down determinants….

A

Expectations guide us to look at the “important” areas-goals also cause our eyes to focus on specific areas (ex: making a sandwich-focus on each part in sequence) our eyes lead our hands

65
Q

How do our eye movements change depending on where we’re told to focus? (top-down)

A

In a scene with a bunch of people, tell someone to “describe the scene” or “describe the location.” Eye movements change depending on what we’re told to focus on.

66
Q

What are regressions (saccades)

A

Right to left movements of the eye-jumping back to previously read text. We also jump past short or common words, and easily predictable words

67
Q

What makes our “jumps” over words smaller?

A

When the text is really difficult, has long, unusual, or misspelled words.

68
Q

Where do we usually fixate our focus on words?

A

On the middle of the word

69
Q

How many fixations and regressions do poor vs good readers have?

A

Poor: longer fixations and more regressions Good: Larger jumps, fewer regressions, shorter fixations.

70
Q

What is the moving windows technique?

A

Measures how much we “see” with each fixation. Certain eye trackers can make letters a certain distance from the fixation point change to X. Changes material on the fly, so that as you read, letters that were blocked are now visible.

71
Q

What are the results of the moving windows technique?

A

If X’s appear within 17 letters, reading is impaired, anything after that is not affected.-we see 17 letters forward and 4 letters back.

72
Q

What is mindless reading?

A

As people become fatigued (or bored) they sometimes engage in mindless reading-eyes are moving across the page, not actually reading anything.

73
Q

What are eye movements like in mindless reading?

A

Erratic, short fixations, large jumps backwards and forwards.

74
Q

What is though supression?

A

The attempt to eliminate thoughts, ideas, or images related to an undesirable stimulus.

75
Q

What are the ironic effects of mental control?

A

Generally, our efforts tend to backfire when we attempt to control contents of consciousness

76
Q

What is the rebound effect?

A

Shown in the “white bear study”-people were told not to think about white bears for 5 mins. Then afterwards, researchers said they could think about whatever they wanted-those who heavily avoided thinking about white bears massively thought about them after this.

Psyc 365 (10 decks)

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